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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Hanming Fang; Long Wang; Yang Yang |
| Abstract: | The entry of High-Speed Railways (HSR) represents a disruptive competition to airlines, particularly for short- to medium-distance journeys. Utilizing a unique dataset that contains the details of all flights departing from Beijing to 113 domestic destinations in China since January 2009, we employ a difference-in-differences approach to examine the effects of HSR entry on the quality of service provided by airlines as proxied by their on-time performance, and to identify the channels through which competition leads to quality improvement. We document two main findings. First, the competition from the entry of HSR leads to significant reductions in the mean and variance of travel delays on the affected airline routes. Second, the reductions in departure delays--which are controlled mostly by airlines, and the duration of taxi-in time--which are controlled mostly by destination airports, are identified as the main sources of the improvement in the airlines' on-time performance. |
| JEL: | L1 L91 O18 R4 |
| Date: | 2020–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27475&r=all |
| By: | Shatoya Covert Estime (Elizabeth City State University) |
| Abstract: | In 2014, North Carolina implemented a strategic highway safety plan to reduce fatalities and serious injuries. The plan defined nine areas of focus to address safety issues; two main areas were investigated, unsignalized intersections and bicyclist safety. The purpose of this study was to evaluate (1) potential factors associated with bicyclist injury severity in bicycle-motor vehicle crashes at unsignalized intersections and (2) the impact of these factors on bicyclist safety. Out of 8,418 bicycle-motor vehicle crash records from the UNC Highway Safety Research Center, 1,273 cases were evaluated. Injury severity is measured on an ordinal scale as minor, major, or severe. Stata's ordinal logistic regression was used to initially analyze potential factors associated with bicyclist injury severity, followed by generalized ordered logit (gologit) via the community-contributed ado-program gologit2 (Williams 2006). Generalized ordered logit relaxes the constraint that a variable has the same estimated coefficient throughout the range of injury severity. Statistical significance was linked to injury severity in the following variables: bicyclists 55 and older, the driver's speed, roadway features, day of week, light conditions, and season. |
| Date: | 2020–08–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:scon20:13&r=all |
| By: | Richard Skiba (LRES Training Management) |
| Abstract: | Adaptation of blockchain technology in the Transport and Logistics industry may provide for not only increased transparency, trust and efficiency but also improved safety by minimising mis-declaration of cargo. There are currently a number of operators in the industry developing applications based on blockchain with may others planning to utilise the approach. As organisations commit to blockchain based projects, there will be an increased demand for blockchain developers, and associated job roles, and this paper considers the skills and knowledge requirements for those in these roles and provides a basis for determining the competence required for blockchain development. |
| Keywords: | Transport and Logistics,Blockchain,Smart Contract,Competency Standards,Training,Safety |
| Date: | 2020–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02890350&r=all |
| By: | Alonso Ayuso, Antonio; Laguna, Manuel; Molina Ferragut, Elisenda; García Heredia, David |
| Abstract: | We tackle the problem of finding, for each network within a collection, the shortest path betweentwo given nodes, while not exceeding the limits of a set of shared resources. We present an integer programming (IP) formulation of this problem and propose a parallelizable matheuristic consistingof three phases: 1) generation of feasible solutions, 2) combination of solutions, and 3) solution improvement. We show that the shortest paths found with our procedure correspond to the solution of the Resource-Constrained Multi-Project Scheduling Problem (RCMPSP) and that a particular case of the RCMPSP occurs in Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM). Our computational results include finding optimal solutions to small and medium-size ATFM instances by applying Gurobi to the IP formulation. We use those solutions to assess the quality of the output produced by our proposed matheuristic. For the largest instances, which correspond to actual flight plans in ATFM, exact methods fail and we assess the quality of our solutions by means of Lagrangian bounds. Computational results suggest that the proposed procedure is an effective approach to the family of shortest path problems that we discuss here. |
| Keywords: | Air Traffic Flow Management; Resource-Constrained Multi-Project Scheduling Problem; Shortest Path; Matheuristics |
| Date: | 2020–09–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cte:wsrepe:30793&r=all |
| By: | LaFlamme, Marcel |
| Abstract: | By the mid-twentieth century, promoting the safe separation of air traffic was understood to be part of how sovereign states governed in three dimensions. Yet the maturation and proliferation of unmanned aircraft or drones has posed challenges to existing regimes of traffic management. This chapter explores the shifting roles of state and nonstate actors in the case of the Low Altitude Authorization and Notification Capability (LAANC), an initiative to provide U.S. drone operators with expedited access to controlled airspace through the mediation of app-based service providers. I use the walkthrough method elaborated by scholars of new media to examine one leading app called Kittyhawk, analyzing the app’s interface, its underlying data sources, and the broader ecology of aviation media in which it participates. |
| Date: | 2020–08–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:mediar:yrtv7&r=all |
| By: | Barajas, Jesus; Braun, Lindsay M. |
| Abstract: | While the health benefits of cycling and walking have been well established, questions remain about whether these benefits hold in varying socioeconomic contexts, including across demographic groups and in the context of neighborhood change. This study examines this relationship, identifying associations between cycling or walking and self-reported health, whether socioeconomic status moderates these associations, and whether gentrification influences the potential moderating effects. This study uses the 2017 National Household Travel Survey, subset to adults who lived in central cities (n = 88,698). Ordered logistic regression models were fit to estimate self-reported health status separately for cycling and walking. Gentrification was measured using an indicator based on previous research using US Census data. People who had cycled in the past week and each additional walking trip were associated with higher odds of reporting better health. Socioeconomic status moderated the positive associations between active transportation and health in a few key cases. Cycling was not as strongly associated with health for Black cyclists or employed cyclists, while women had smaller benefits from each additional walking trip compared to men. Gentrification was an insignificant moderating factor in most cases. Findings suggest planning efforts that continue to support programs that promote cycling and walking are crucial tools in the public health toolbox. The health gains from active transportation might be experienced in a variety of neighborhood contexts. Nevertheless, infrastructure investments and policy must be attentive to inequities across neighborhoods. |
| Date: | 2020–08–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:fe785&r=all |
| By: | Yaqian Zhou; Hai Yang; Jintao Ke; Hai Wang; Xinwei Li |
| Abstract: | Recently, some transportation service providers attempt to integrate the ride services offered by multiple independent ride-sourcing platforms, and passengers are able to request ride through such third-party integrators or connectors and receive service from any one of the platforms. This novel business model, termed as third-party platform-integration in this paper, has potentials to alleviate the cost of market fragmentation due to the demand splitting among multiple platforms. While most existing studies focus on the operation strategies for one single monopolist platform, much less is known about the competition and platform-integration as well as the implications on operation strategy and system efficiency. In this paper, we propose mathematical models to describe the ride-sourcing market with multiple competing platforms and compare system performance metrics between two market scenarios, i.e., with and without platform-integration, at Nash equilibrium as well as social optimum. We find that platform-integration can increase total realized demand and social welfare at both Nash equilibrium and social optimum, but may not necessarily generate a greater profit when vehicle supply is sufficiently large or/and market is too fragmented. We show that the market with platform-integration generally achieves greater social welfare. On one hand, the integrator in platform-integration is able to generate a thicker market and reduce matching frictions; on the other hand, multiple platforms are still competing by independently setting their prices, which help to mitigate monopoly mark-up as in the monopoly market. |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2008.09815&r=all |