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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Wolfgang Habla (ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research); Vera Huwe (ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research); Martin Kesternich (University of Kassel) |
| Abstract: | We use car-level micro data to provide empirical evidence on the usage of conventional and electric vehicles (EVs) in private and car sharing fleets in Germany. We shed light on both monetary and non-monetary barriers to EV adoption and usage by exploiting the feature that variable costs are identical for shared vehicles but different for private car owners across engine types. While drivers respond to monetary incentives when using conventional cars, this does not hold for EVs. We find that EVs are, on average, driven shorter distances than conventional vehicles, both in terms of annual and single-day mileage, even if costs are identical. We also document that car sharing intensifies the usage of conventional cars but not that of EVs. |
| Keywords: | Electric vehicles, internal combustion engine vehicles, barriers to adoption, cruising range, driving patterns, car sharing, range limitations, range anxiety |
| JEL: | R41 D12 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:202028&r=all |
| By: | Christian Tilk (Johannes Gutenberg University); Katharina Olkis (Johannes Gutenberg University); Stefan Irnich (Johannes Gutenberg University) |
| Abstract: | The ongoing rise in e-commerce comes along with an increasing number of first-time delivery failures due to the absence of the customer at the delivery location. Failed deliveries result in rework which in turn has a large impact on the carriers’ delivery cost. In the classical vehicle routing problem (VRP) with time windows, each customer request has only one location and one time window describing where and when shipments need to be delivered. In contrast, we introduce and analyze the vehicle routing problem with delivery options (VRPDO), in which some requests can be shipped to alternative locations with possibly different time windows. Furthermore, customers may prefer some delivery options. The carrier must then select, for each request, one delivery option such that the carriers’ overall cost is minimized and a given service level regarding customer preferences is achieved. Moreover, when delivery options share a common location, e.g., a locker, capacities must be respected when assigning shipments. The VRPDO generalizes several known extensions of the VRP with time windows, e.g., the generalized VRP with time windows, the multi-vehicle traveling purchaser problem, and the VRP with roaming delivery locations. To solve the VRPDO exactly, we present a new branch-price-and-cut algorithm. The associated pricing subproblem is a shortest-path problem with resource constraints that we solve with a bidirectional labeling algorithm on an auxiliary network. We focus on the comparison of two alternative modeling approaches for the auxiliary network and present optimal solutions for instances with up to 100 delivery options. Moreover, we provide 17 new optimal solutions for the benchmark set for the VRP with roaming delivery locations. |
| Date: | 2020–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jgu:wpaper:2017&r=all |
| By: | Rebecca Brough (Wilson Sheehan Lab for Economic Opportunities, University of Notre Dame); Matthew Freedman (Department of Economics, University of California-Irvine); David C. Phillips (Department of Economics, University of Notre Dame) |
| Abstract: | We document the magnitudes of and mechanisms behind socioeconomic differences in travel behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic. We focus on King County, Washington, one of the first places in the U.S. where Covid-19 was detected. We leverage novel and rich administrative and survey data on travel volumes, modes, and preferences for different demographic groups. Large average declines in travel, and in public transit use in particular, due to the pandemic and related policy responses mask substantial heterogeneity across socioeconomic groups. Travel intensity declined considerably less among less-educated and lower-income individuals, even after accounting for mode substitution and variation across neighborhoods in the impacts of public transit service reductions. The relative inability of less-educated and lower-income individuals to cease commuting explains at least half of the difference in travel responses across groups. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19; Coronavirus; Mobility; Transportation; Commuting; Inequality |
| JEL: | R41 J61 H12 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irv:wpaper:192007&r=all |
| By: | Koster, Hans R.A.; Nielsen, Victor Mayland; Ostermeijer, Francis; van Ommeren, Jos |
| Abstract: | How has the rise of the automobile influenced urban areas over the past century? In this paper we investigate the long-run impact of car ownership on urban population density, based on a sample of 232 city observations in 57 countries. Using the presence of a car manufacturer in 1920 as a source of exogenous variation, our IV estimates indicate that car ownership substantially reduces density. A one standard deviation increase in car ownership rates causes a reduction in population density of around 40%. For employment density we find almost identical results. This result has important implications for vehicle taxation, car ownership growth in developing countries, and new transport technologies such as automated vehicles. |
| Keywords: | Car ownership; urban density; vehicle costs |
| JEL: | R12 R40 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:14717&r=all |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report examines how new shared services could change mobility in Lyon, France. It presents simulations for five different scenarios in which different shared transport options replace privately owned cars in the Lyon metropolitan area. The simulations offer insights on how shared mobility can reduce congestion, lower CO2 emissions and free public space. The analysis also looks at quality of service, cost and citizens’ access to opportunities. The interaction of shared mobility services with mass public transport and optimal operational conditions for the transition are also examined. The findings provide decision makers with evidence to weigh opportunities and challenges created by new shared transport services. The report is part of a series of studies on shared mobility in different urban and metropolitan contexts. |
| Date: | 2020–04–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:74-en&r=all |
| By: | Espinet Alegre,Xavier; Stanton-Geddes,Zuzana; Aliyev,Sadig |
| Abstract: | Transport connectivity in Cambodia is challenged by its geography and exposure to recurrent flooding. Flood events create severe disruptions in segments of the transport network that undermine access to health, education, and work opportunities as well as create barriers to economic growth. Rural accessibility to emergency health facilities and delivery of medicines and basic food supplies is particularly critical in times of major health crises, such as the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak. This paper provides a method to quantify the impact of flooding on hospital access and other critical facilities, aiming to support governments on setting up health emergency mitigation plans for rural transport in an environment with high flood risk. The method was piloted in three provinces in rural Cambodia, estimating that for 37 percent of the people on those provinces, it takes more than 60 minutes to reach an emergency health facility. During floods, 27 percent lose all access and 18 percent experience an increase of 30 minutes in travel time. In conclusion, this method introduces transparency and evidence-based support for prioritization of rural transport investment, identifies the social benefits (health and education) of rural infrastructure investments, and supports policy dialogue on rural development and resilience. |
| Date: | 2020–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9262&r=all |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Lydia Papadaki |
| Abstract: | This chapter summarizes the concluding remarks and recommendations based on the analysis presented in the previous chapters. The chapters of this book capture a wide spectrum of sustainable (e.g. economic, societal and environmental) challenges related to the Seas presenting critical outcomes of marine and maritime research. The analysis in chapters 2 to 5 showed that MUOPs can potentially benefit from each other in terms of infrastructure, maintenance etc. It is clear that the main sources of uncertainty about the viability of the projects are coming from the lack of precise knowledge on the operational conditions of the technology. In this context, MERMAID's assessment tool provided researchers with an intuitive way to evaluate multiple scenarios that would be hard and time-consuming to assess manually. Chapter 6 presents novel IT applications, which can facilitate producers to engage in the technology race and chapter 7 sheds light to the source-to-sea concept, which bridges the chasm for a better integration, cooperation and coordination of activities from the rural area until the ocean aiming at a harmonized and sustainable land-sea are. Chapter 8 focuses on Marine research supporting that CES valuation can become an extremely useful tool that can bring to the surface the benefits derived from the cultural aspects of MPAs, while chapter 9 depicts the key challenges of plastic marine litter. From the analysis carried out in Chapters 10 and 11, it is clear that the maritime transport sector including ports not only are driving up global temperature but are essential part of the global economies. Ports role will be crucial in the law enforcement through reward schemes and priority entrance to ships complying with International and European regulation. Chapter 12 presents the circular economy approach, which can solve most of the challenges analysed in the previous chapters, and the synergies with the Smart Specialisation Strategies. All chapters underline the need for explicit targets and financial plans to be designed aiming at the implementation of ambitious climate and ocean related targets. |
| Keywords: | socio-economic methodology, participatory approaches, financial analysis, web-based tool, marine, maritime, sustainable development, marine litter, policy recommendations, sustainable oceans |
| Date: | 2020–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2027&r=all |
| By: | Yang, Jue; Chen, Fei |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impacts of psychological factors on Chinese consumers’preferences of PEV features as well as PEV uptake intension in cities with and without license number plate restrictions. Psychological factors are relatively less investigated factors in the domestic literature, but consumers may not behave rational as researchers expected when facing such a complex choice problem. This study generates three latent psychological factors, namely knowledge of policy and PEVs, social influence, and environmental ttitudes/innovativeness, and integrates them with object-case best-worst scaling model through a hybrid choice model. Evidences show that knowledge and environmental attitudes are weaker compare to social influence and innovativeness, but these factors affect consumers’ preferences differently both at individual level and city level. To facilitate market-oriented PEV uptake, especially in areas without restrictions, improve reputation through interpersonal communication on technical features are expected. While in large cities with restrictions, through neighborhood effects and innovativeness, emphasizing air pollution and CO2 emission reduction features could be more efficient. |
| Keywords: | Plug-in Electric Vehicle, China, social influence, willingness to pay |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2020–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:96165&r=all |
| By: | Vera Alexandropoulou; Phoebe Koundouri; Lydia Papadaki; Klimanthia Kontaxaki |
| Abstract: | Environmental challenges related to ports are twofold, namely the effects of maritime transport on the environment (e.g. pollution, CO2 emissions) and conversely the environmental impact on maritime transport e.g. Climatic Variability and Change. This chapter presents an overview of main challenges faced today, to engage port proactively take the responsibility of providing reward schemes or green certificates to complied ships, and to identify key indicators in measuring GHG emissions. European Union has put into force a number of Directives and Regulations aiming to incentivise port and shipping companies to commit to comply with environmental standards. The IMO 2020 regulation, bringing the sulphur cap in fuel oil for ships down from 3.50 per cent to 0.50 per cent, is expected to bring significant benefits for human health and the environment, while the European Green Deal, the most ambitious action plan of European Union, aims at increasing the EU�s greenhouse gas emission reductions target for 2030 to at least 50% compared with 1990 levels, creating the most ambitious package of measures, accompanied by an initial roadmap of key policies in cutting-edge research and innovation, in green technologies and sustainable solutions. Among them, Deep Demonstrations by EIT Climate-KIC using systems innovation approach aim at the decarbonisation of the European ports and the sustainable transformation of their key elements. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable ports, European Green Deal, Maritime transport, ports regulation, Deep Demonstration, Environmental policy |
| Date: | 2020–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2026&r=all |
| By: | Ikeda, Kiyohiro; Takayama, Yuki; Thisse, Jacques-François |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the conditions for the emergence of a system of cities in a general equilibrium setting that accounts for the mobility of labor, transportation costs between cities and commuting costs within cities. Locations are equally distributed over a circular space. We find that the multiplicity of stable spatial equilibria is the rule and not the exception. Using the concept of stability areas to study the transition from one stable equilibrium to the next, we show that decreasing commuting or transportation costs generate equilibrium paths that may feature a megalopolis or hierarchical system of cities having different sizes. We confirm that transportation and commuting costs have opposite impacts on the space-economy. |
| Keywords: | Cities; Commuting costs; Economic Geography; Multiplicity of stable equilibria; Racetrack economy; Transportation Costs |
| JEL: | F12 R12 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:14728&r=all |
| By: | Kondylis,Florence; Legovini,Arianna; Vyborny,Kate; Zwager,Astrid Maria Theresia; Cardoso De Andrade,Luiza |
| Abstract: | What are the costs to women of harassment on public transit? This study randomizes the price of a women-reserved"safe space"in Rio de Janeiro and crowdsource information on 22,000 rides. Women in the public space experience harassment once a week. A fifth of riders are willing to forgo 20 percent of the fare to ride in the"safe space". Randomly assigning riders to the"safe space"reduces physical harassment by 50 percent, implying a cost of $1.45 per incident. Implicit Association Tests show that women face a stigma for riding in the public space that may outweigh the benefits of the safe space. |
| Keywords: | Transport in Urban Areas,Urban Transport,Gender and Development,Crime and Society,Transport Services,Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2020–06–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9269&r=all |
| By: | Sofia F. Franco (Nova University of Lisbon) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides evidence how parking reforms can help reduce car dependency and achieve a more efficient use of city space. It looks at how the price and availability of parking influence transport choices and urban form. It also investigates the effect of minimum parking requirements and regulations on developer decisions and land use. The paper draws primarily on evidence from Los Angeles County and the City of Los Angeles, California, in the United States. |
| Date: | 2020–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2020/03-en&r=all |
| By: | Humberto, Mateus; Moura, Filipe; Giannotti, Mariana |
| Abstract: | There is an increasing concern among scholars and practitioners to incorporate children's views and perceptions about their daily mobility, followed by the search for structured approaches for data collection and analysis. This paper draws on academic research conducted with 5 to 6-year old children and their caregivers (N = 317) in three public preschools in São Paulo (Brazil) with a high prevalence of low-income immigrants, using the "Philosophy with Children” (PwC) inquiry approach. Once the PwC sessions were transcribed and associated to the questionnaires to caregivers (73% response rate), it was possible to adopt a set of qualitative analysis tools to extract children's views and perceptions about urban mobility, namely topic modelling (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) and sentiment analysis (AFINN and Bing sentiment lexicons). These allowed the identification of variables affecting the opinions about urban mobility shared by young children, including more negative perceptions among boys, non-native children, and those in high social vulnerability. Beyond revealing a potential of the PwC approach to enquire children about their established travel behavior, the implementation of the proposed inquiry sessions covered an age group that is commonly disregarded in most of transport-related studies involving children and youth while encompassing a context of public schools in a developing country, with a high prevalence of low-income and immigrant families. |
| Date: | 2020–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:yjxfm&r=all |
| By: | Milan Straka; Rui Carvalho; Gijs van der Poel; \v{L}ubo\v{s} Buzna |
| Abstract: | Here, we develop a data-centric approach enabling to analyse which activities, function, and characteristics of the environment surrounding the slow charging infrastructure impact the distribution of the electricity consumed at slow charging infrastructure. To gain a basic insight, we analysed the probabilistic distribution of energy consumption and its relation to indicators characterizing charging events. We collected geospatial datasets and utilizing statistical methods for data pre-processing, we prepared features modelling the spatial context in which the charging infrastructure operates. To enhance the statistical reliability of results, we applied the bootstrap method together with the Lasso method that combines regression with variable selection ability. We evaluate the statistical distributions of the selected regression coefficients. We identified the most influential features correlated with energy consumption, indicating that the spatial context of the charging infrastructure affects its utilization pattern. Many of these features are related to the economic prosperity of residents. Application of the methodology to a specific class of charging infrastructure enables the differentiation of selected features, e.g. by the used rollout strategy. Overall, the paper demonstrates the application of statistical methodologies to energy data and provides insights on factors potentially shaping the energy consumption that could be utilized when developing models to inform charging infrastructure deployment and planning of power grids. |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2006.01672&r=all |
| By: | Borchert,Ingo; Magdeleine,Joscelyn; Marchetti,Juan A.; Mattoo,Aaditya |
| Abstract: | Are changes in services markets provoking reform, restrictions, or inertia? To address this question, this paper draws on a new World Bank-World Trade Organization Services Trade Policy Database. The paper analyzes the services trade policies of 68 economies in 23 subsectors across five broad areas -- financial services, telecommunications, distribution, transportation, and professional services. Policy measures are quantified into a Services Trade Restrictions Index (STRI) following a novel, consistent and transparent framework. The paper identifies patterns of services trade policies across sectors and economies, and secular trends over the past decade. Higher income economies are still more open on average than developing economies, but the chronology of reform differs markedly across sectors. In telecommunications and finance, there is convergence toward greater openness driven by liberalization in the previously more restrictive developing economies. In the hitherto universally protected transport and professional services, there is policy divergence, as some higher income economies pioneer reform. But while explicit restrictions are being lowered in most services sectors?in contrast to recent developments in goods trade policy -- there is greater recourse to regulatory scrutiny, especially in higher income economies. These measures could reflect legitimate prudential or security concerns, but they could also reflect recourse to less transparent forms of protection. |
| Keywords: | International Trade and Trade Rules,Transport Services,Trade Policy,Rules of Origin,Trade and Multilateral Issues,Telecommunications Infrastructure |
| Date: | 2020–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9265&r=all |
| By: | Andreas Papandreou; Phoebe Koundouri; Lydia Papadaki |
| Abstract: | Sustainable shipping refers to the broad set of challenges, nature of governance rules and regulations, patterns of management and corporate behaviors and aims, engagement of stakeholders, and forms of industrial activity that should come to define a marine transport industry that is shaped by the broader societal goals of sustainable development. This chapter aims to provide a brief overview of the marine transport industry, its role and relevance in sustainable development and the kinds of changes that are needed for shipping to be sustainable. The focus is mostly on the environmental dimension of sustainable development. As a sector, and for reasons that have to do with the special nature of its international governance that partly falls outside the confines of national jurisdictions, shipping may have been a late comer to some of the most pressing sustainability challenges of our time. After presenting some recent economic trends of the sector and their potential implications for sustainability the chapter will present some environmental pressures that are related to shipping and will focus on two particular sustainability challenges confronted by maritime transport: the need to drastically reduce sulfur emissions and the even more demanding challenge to mitigate CO2 emissions. Before concluding, the penultimate section will briefly present some sustainability initiatives already under way. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable shipping, maritime transport, CO2 emissions mitigation, EU ETS |
| Date: | 2020–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2025&r=all |
| By: | Magdalena Gądek; Rafał Miśko |
| Abstract: | City authorities are taking action to increase public transport attractiveness. More and more innovative solutions are being introduced. Therefore, the research was aimed at answering the question: have innovations improved residents' quality of life in their opinion. The research was conducted in one of the Polish cities due to the number of introduced innovations. Surveys were carried out, which showed that the introduced innovations improve the quality of life of residents. In their opinion, innovations most influencing their quality of life are connected with security and travel comfort. Innovations connected with the environment and availability of information play also an important role. |
| Keywords: | Quality of life (QOL); Public transport; Innovations; Management |
| JEL: | R41 |
| Date: | 2020–08–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahh:wpaper:worms2013&r=all |