|
on Transport Economics |
| By: | Jacomien van der Merwe; Stephan Krygsman |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this research is to investigate whether transport accessibility influences the employment duration of individuals in South Africa. The South African Revenue Service's IRP5 administration datasets, which indicate employment duration and spatial location data (where workers reside and work) for all income earners in South Africa, were used to determine individuals' employment duration, as well as the travel distances between their residence and place of employment. Airline distance was used as a proxy for transport accessibility. |
| Keywords: | Employment, employment duration, Equality, job–housing mismatch, Transportation, transport accessibility |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2020-56&r=all |
| By: | Alexander Dobrinevski (OECD); Raphaël Jachnik (OECD) |
| Abstract: | Mitigating climate change requires aligning real economy investments with climate objectives. This pilot study measures the climate consistency of investments in transport infrastructure and vehicles in Latvia between 2008 and 2018, estimated at EUR 1.5 billion per year on average. To do so, three complementary mitigation-related reference points are used. Applying the criteria defined by the European Union Taxonomy for Sustainable Activities results in 4.2% of investments assessed as making a substantial contribution to climate change mitigation. Comparing actual greenhouse gas trajectories for each transport mode to a 2°C scenario from the International Energy Agency’s for the European Union and to projections from Latvia’s 5th National Communication to the UNFCCC, indicates 32% climate-consistent and up to 9% climate-inconsistent investments. The majority of investments volumes could at this stage not be characterised due to limitations relating to the granularity or coverage of the reference points. Comparing current trends to 2030 and 2050 decarbonisation targets nevertheless highlights future investment and financing challenges, especially for road transport. The methodology piloted in this study can be replicated and scaled up across countries and sectors, using different or complementary reference points specifically aligned to the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. |
| Keywords: | capital expenditure, climate change, emissions, energy efficiency, finance, investment, Latvia, low-greenhouse gas development, measurement, scenarios, taxonomy, tracking, transport |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 H54 E01 E22 G31 G32 L91 |
| Date: | 2020–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:163-en&r=all |
| By: | Nicholas Buchholz; Laura Doval; Jakub Kastl; Filip Matějka; Tobias Salz |
| Abstract: | We estimate valuations of time using detailed consumer choice data from a large European ride hail platform, where drivers bid on trips and consumers choose between a set of potential rides with different prices and waiting times. We estimate consumer demand as a function of prices and waiting times. While demand is responsive to both, price elasticities are on average four times higher than waiting-time elasticities. We show how these estimates can be mapped into values of time that vary by place, person, and time of day. Regarding variation within a day, the value of time during non-work hours is 16% lower than during work hours. Regarding the spatial dimension, our value of time measures are highly correlated both with real estate prices and urban GPS travel flows. A variance decomposition reveals that most of the substantial heterogeneity in the value of time is explained by individual differences as opposed to place or time of day. In contrast with other studies that focus on long run choices we do not find evidence of spatial sorting. We apply our measures to quantify the opportunity cost of traffic congestion in Prague, which we estimate at $483,000 per day. |
| JEL: | L0 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27087&r=all |
| By: | Devi Brands (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Joris Klingen (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Francis Ostermeijer (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | We provide novel evidence on the effect of smart phone use on road accidents. We exploit variation in phone usage fees in the Netherlands following a change in European Union (EU) roaming regulations implemented in 2017. The growth rate of mobile data roaming increased substantially after the change, which allows us to estimate a difference-in-differences model where non-Dutch drivers from the EU are treated, while Dutch drivers serve as control group. Our results suggest that around 10% of vehicles involved in accidents can be explained by the use of smart phones, and that these accidents mainly happen on urban roads. |
| Keywords: | road safety, accident risk, smart phones, urban roads |
| JEL: | K42 R41 I12 |
| Date: | 2020–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20200024&r=all |
| By: | Camille Blaudin de Thé (PSE - Paris School of Economics); Benjamin Carantino (PSE - Paris School of Economics); Miren Lafourcade (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PSE - Paris School of Economics, RITM - Réseaux Innovation Territoires et Mondialisation - UP11 - Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of urban form on household fuel consumption and car emissions in France. We in particular analyze three features of cities commonly referred to as the "3 D's" (Cervero & Kockelman 1997): Density, Design and Diversity. Individual data allow us to identify the effects of urban form and the spatial sorting of households on emissions. We also use instrumental variables to control for other endogeneity issues. Our results suggest that, by choosing to live at the fringe of a metropolitan area instead of the city center, a representative household would consume approximately six extra tanks of fuel per year. More generally, doubling residential Density would result in an annual saving of approximately two tanks per household. However, larger gains would result from better urban Design (job-housing central-ization, improved rail/bus routes to central business districts, reduced pressure for road construction and a less fragmented built environment in urban areas) while improved Diversity (the concentration of various local amenities such as shops and public facilities) can also help lower fuel consumption. Another important finding is that the relationship between the metropolitan population and car emissions in France is bell-shaped, contrary to that in the US, suggesting that small cities do compensate for their lack of Density/Diversity by environmentally-friendly Design. |
| Keywords: | Sprawl,car emissions,CO 2 footprint,driving,public transport,smart cities |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-02572893&r=all |
| By: | Schmidt, Florian Alexander |
| Abstract: | Since 2017 the automotive industry has developed a high demand for ground truth data. Without this data, the ambitious goal of producing fully autonomous vehicles will remain out of reach. The self-driving car depends on self-learning algorithms, which in turn have to undergo a lot of supervised training. This requires vast amounts of manual labour, performed by crowdworkers across the globe. As a consequence, the demand in training data is transforming the crowdsourcing industry. This study is an investigation into the dynamics of this shift and its impacts on the working conditions of the crowdworkers. |
| Keywords: | crowdworking,artificial Intelligence,self-driving cars,automotive industry,global labour markets,AI |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hbsfof:155&r=all |
| By: | Sharova, Varvara; Wolff, Paul; Konersmann, Benedikt; Ferstl, Ferdinand; Stanek, Robert; Hackmann, Markus |
| Abstract: | Li-ion batteries are used in battery-powered vehicles, but also in power tools and consumer electronics. Due to the challenges posed by climate change and the increasing penalties for CO2 emissions, battery-powered electric vehicles are regarded as one of the solutions. Modern lithium-ion batteries are currently manufactured mainly by Asian manufacturers. However, the forecast demand for Li-ion batteries in Europe cannot be met by them. This gives the new European players the opportunity to enter the market and build local value chains. |
| Keywords: | Li-ion batteries,value chain,automotive,OEM |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hbsfof:168&r=all |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | Federal spending for highways, which totaled $46 billion in 2019, is funded primarily by revenues credited to the Highway Trust Fund. But those revenues are falling short of spending from the fund. If the taxes that are credited to the trust fund were continued at their current rates and funding for highway and transit programs increased annually at the rate of inflation, the cumulative shortfall in the trust fund would reach $189 billion by 2030, CBO estimates. |
| JEL: | H20 H25 H54 R40 R42 R48 |
| Date: | 2020–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:56346&r=all |
| By: | David Guerrero (AME-SPLOTT - Systèmes Productifs, Logistique, Organisation des Transports et Travail - UNIV GUSTAVE EIFFEL - Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Abstract: | This work examines the main determinants of hinterland evolution through a literature review. It explores the possibilities and challenges for inter-regional comparisons, and suggests a tentative common framework. The chapter mainly deals with European issues, though complementing them by integrating studies done on other regions. The literature review covers mainly the last two decades, during which containerization have reached maturity in most world regions. The chapter is organized as follows. The first section introduces some historical elements to understand the specificity of European hinterlands, mostly shaped during the 16th-18th century. The next section presents the current situation of European ports compared with the rest of the world. The third section reviews current determinants of hinterland expansion and shrinkage in various regional contexts. The conclusion discusses the need for pushing further the elaboration of a common framework notwithstanding challenges for inter-regional comparison. |
| Keywords: | CONTAINERIZATION,HINTERLAND,PORT,EUROPE |
| Date: | 2020–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02551947&r=all |
| By: | Pabilonia, Sabrina Wulff; Vernon, Victoria |
| Abstract: | Remote work is rapidly increasing in the United States. Using data on full-time wage and salary workers from the 2017–2018 American Time Use Survey Leave and Job Flexibilities Module, this paper examines the characteristics of teleworkers, the effects of teleworking on wages, and differences in time-use patterns between office and work-at-home workdays. We find that some teleworkers earn a wage premium, but it varies by occupation, gender, parental status, and teleworking intensity. Teleworkers also spend less time on commuting and grooming activities but more time on leisure and household production activities and more time with family on work-at-home days. |
| Keywords: | working from home,telework,telecommuting,commuting,home-based work,alternative work arrangements,work-life balance,time use,wages |
| JEL: | J22 J31 D13 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:546&r=all |