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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Handy, Susan |
| Abstract: | Cars provide an unparalleled level of mobility but have negative financial, public health, environmental, and social impacts. Reducing the need for driving in California would produce a range of household- and community-level benefits. Driving is associated with adverse health effects (e.g., obesity, high blood pressure, depression, injuries, fatalities), while commuting by walking or biking provides numerous physical and mental health benefits. A reduction in driving would also improve public health by decreasing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. It would save substantial sums of money: households spend about $9,000/year or 16% of their expenses on private vehicle ownership (2017 data) and the state spends over $500 million per year on highway maintenance. A less car-dependent society would also be more equitable for those with limited income or limited physical abilities who cannot drive, to the benefit not just of those individuals but the community as a whole. While it is not realistic in the foreseeable future for most Californians to live without their cars, it is possible to decrease car dependence. Doing so requires a shift away from a century-old prioritization of the goal of reducing vehicle delays over other important goals. Creating a less car-dependent world is not necessarily more costly to the public and can be achieved over time through changes in land use and transportation planning practices. Answers to many of the frequently asked questions about such efforts are provided. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Automobile travel, sustainable transportation, sustainable development, infill, automobile dependence |
| Date: | 2020–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0hk0h610&r=all |
| By: | Brützel, Christoph |
| Abstract: | In today's political and media discussion there is an argument that airline tickets should not be cheaper than train tickets as this would foster growth of air traffic hurting the global climate by being the most negative means of transportation with regard to CO2- and other greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, rail transportation should be subsidized even more, and value added taxes should be reduced so that train tickets might become cheaper to dry out demand for air transportation and by this reduce traffic and its environmental impact. A cost benchmarking of a seat offered in a long-distance train at the example of a GERMAN ICE-2 and an Airbus A320, each operated on the route between Düsseldorf and Berlin shows, that this rationale is based on alternative facts. |
| Keywords: | Aviation,Airlines,Rail Companies,Long Distance Train,Cost Benchmarking,Short haul Flights,Modal Cost Rail Traffic,Modal Cost Air Traffic |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iubhtl:22019&r=all |
| By: | Handy, Susan |
| Abstract: | Californians live in a car-dominant society. Decades of transportation and land use planning practices have created communities in which driving is a virtual necessity to access most destinations. Personal vehicles provide mobility benefits, but they also have many negative financial, public health, environmental, and social impacts. Technological innovations such as vehicle electrification can lessen some, but not all, of these impacts. A more comprehensive approach is to shape communities in a manner that gives people viable options other than a personal vehicle—such as walking, bicycling, or transit—to get where they need to go. Researchers at UC Davis reviewed published studies to summarize the range of household- and community-level benefits that can be realized by reducing car dependence in California. This policy brief summarizes the findings of that work. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Automobile travel, sustainable transportation, sustainable development, infill, automobile dependence |
| Date: | 2020–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt7js9s5jk&r=all |
| By: | Mai Seki; Eiji Yamada |
| Abstract: | Abstract The Delhi Metro is one of the leading examples of a recent urban mass transit infrastructure project in a developing country where women have traditionally suffered from constrained mobility. In this paper, we analyze the effects of the Delhi Metro on the work participation rate of women and men, using a three-period (1991, 2001, and 2011) panel data of townshiplevel zones within the city of Delhi. While the data has limitations in understanding the characteristics of individual residents in detail, we employ a difference-in-differences estimation controlling for a location fixed-effect, with a parallel trend test. The results suggest that the proximity to the Delhi Metro stations significantly increases the female work participation rate (WPR), whereas its effect on the male WPR is ambiguous with the potential to have an opposite sign. While there are number of potential mechanisms that can deliver this result, we develop a theoretical urban commuting model and argue that a larger reduction in the commuting cost for females (by offering a safer commuting mode of transportation, for example) can generate the quantified patterns of the effects on the WPR. Overall, our results relate to the literature on the quantification of the contribution of urban transport infrastructure towards inclusive growth and poverty reduction. |
| Keywords: | India, gender gap, equilibrium commuting model |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jic:wpaper:207&r=all |
| By: | Brützel, Christoph |
| Abstract: | The article compares regional airport infrastructures in Germany to those of other European countries and analyzes recent developments and situation of traffic at German regional airports. Type of services are segregated into hub feeder services, connections to European cities relevant for business travel and private travel destinations. It shows that, compared to other large European countries the landscape of regional airports in Germany is less dense and that traffic there is mostly restricted to hub feeders, major leisure destinations and other destinations for private air travel. |
| Keywords: | Aviation,Airlines,Regional Airports,Regional Air Traffic Market,Point-to-Point Air Traffic,German Air Traffic Market |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iubhtl:12020&r=all |
| By: | Jaller, Miguel; Pahwa, Anmol |
| Abstract: | In the last decade, e‐commerce has grown substantially, increasing business‐to‐business, business‐to‐consumer, and consumer‐to‐consumer transactions. While this has brought prosperity for the e-retailers, the ever-increasing consumer demand has brought more trucks to the residential areas, bringing along externalities such as congestion, air and noise pollution, and energy consumption. To cope with this, different logistics strategies such as the introduction of micro-hubs, alternative delivery points, and use of cargo bikes and zero emission vehicles for the last mile have been introduced and, in some cases, implemented as well. This project, hence, aims to develop an analytical framework to model urban last mile delivery. In particular, this study will build upon the previously developed econometric behavior models that capture e-commerce demand. Then, based on continuous approximation techniques, the authors will model the last-mile delivery operations. And finally, using the cost-based sustainability assessment model (developed in this study), the authors will estimate the economic and environmental impacts of residential deliveries under different city logistics strategies. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Last mile delivery, City logistics, Continuous approximation, Cargo consolidation, Alternate fuel vehicles |
| Date: | 2020–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt4143j4pr&r=all |
| By: | Khandker Nurul Habib; Ph. D.; PEng |
| Abstract: | The paper presents an empirical investigation of telecommuting frequency choices by post-secondary students in Toronto. It uses a dataset collected through a large-scale travel survey conducted on post-secondary students of four major universities in Toronto and it employs multiple alternative econometric modelling techniques for the empirical investigation. Results contribute on two fronts. Firstly, it presents empirical investigations of factors affecting telecommuting frequency choices of post-secondary students that are rare in literature. Secondly, it identifies better a performing econometric modelling technique for modelling telecommuting frequency choices. Empirical investigation clearly reveals that telecommuting for school related activities is prevalent among post-secondary students in Toronto. Around 80 percent of 0.18 million of the post-secondary students of the region, who make roughly 36,000 trips per day, also telecommute at least once a week. Considering that large numbers of students need to spend a long time travelling from home to campus with around 33 percent spending more than two hours a day on travelling, telecommuting has potential to enhance their quality of life. Empirical investigations reveal that car ownership and living farther from the campus have similar positive effects on the choice of higher frequency of telecommuting. Students who use a bicycle for regular travel are least likely to telecommute, compared to those using transit or a private car. |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2004.04683&r=all |
| By: | Richard Blundell (University College London and Institute for Fiscal Studies); Ran Gu (University of Essex and Institute for Fiscal Studies); Soren Leth-Petersen (University of Copenhagen, CEBI and CEPR); Hamish Low (University of Oxford and Institute for Fiscal Studies); Costas Meghir (Yale University, NBER, IZA, CEPR and the Institute for Fiscal Studies) |
| Abstract: | We specify an equilibrium model of car ownership with private information where individuals sell and purchase new and second-hand cars over their life-cycle. Private information induces a transaction cost and distorts the market reducing the value of a car as a savings instrument. We estimate the model using data on car ownership in Denmark, linked to register data. The lemons penalty is estimated to be 18% of the price in the first year of ownership, declining with the length of ownership. It leads to large reductions in the turnover of cars and in the probability of downgrading at job loss. |
| Keywords: | Lemons penalty, car market, estimated life-cycle equilibrium model |
| JEL: | D82 E21 |
| Date: | 2019–12–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nuf:econwp:1910&r=all |
| By: | Magdalena Blanco; José María Cabrera; Felipe Carozzi; Alejandro Cid |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of mandatory motorcycle helmet use laws on the severity and volume of road accidents in Uruguay by exploiting a change in the enforcement of the traffic law. Using event-study, differences-in-difference and synthetic control methods, we report a sharp increase in helmet use and a 40 percent reduction in the incidence of serious or fatal motorcyclist accidents. We find no evidence of other behavioral responses in terms of either the volume or type of accidents. We show that additional costs of enforcement for the relevant government agencies were negligible and estimate the health benefits of the policy. |
| Keywords: | Law Enforcement; Safety and Accidents; Helmet Use |
| JEL: | I12 I18 R41 H89 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mnt:wpaper:1906&r=all |
| By: | Mozhgan Asna-ashary (Ferdowsi University of Mashhad); Mohammad Reza Farzanegan (Philipps-University Marburg); Mehdi Feizi (Ferdowsi University of Mashhad); Saeed Malek Sadati (Ferdowsi University of Mashhad) |
| Abstract: | The new Coronavirus pandemic has extensive negative socioeconomic impacts. However, its effects on climate change and in particular air pollution, at least at the beginning of the outbreak, is not clear. Fear of getting the Coronavirus in crowded public spaces increased the use of personal cars, while prevention policies that seek to decrease population movement reduced their usage. This paper investigates the relationship between the outbreak of COVID-19, measured by the number of infected cases, and air pollution, measured by PM2.5, in 31 Iranian provinces over the 19 February 2020 to 11 March 2020 period. We employ a panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) approach along with impulse response functions (IRFs), variance decomposition, and Granger causality tests. The analysis shows negative responses of the PM pollution to positive shock in COVID-19 cases in Iran. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, Iran, panel vector autoregressive model, air pollution. |
| JEL: | I18 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:202016&r=all |
| By: | Rahmani, Fatemeh; Quispe, David; Agarwal, Tanushree |
| Abstract: | Significant improvements of the DC-DC converters create the straightforward method to control the speed of the DC motor. One of the important DC motors is the Brushless DC motor which is utilized in various electrical fields. This paper focuses on the control at different speeds for a Brushless DC motor. In order to make the proper voltage to run the motor, two DC-DC converters (Boost and Buck) are tested using two different switches (GaN and SiC transistors). After making the Simulink model and connecting to dSPACE to send the suitable pulse to the transistor of the converter, the DC motor starts working by applying the DC voltage to the converter. This process includes modeling in MATLAB Simulink, dSPACE, and an experimental setup to run the DC motor. Furthermore, the performance of GaN and SiC switches in Boost and Buck converters are compared to each other in this project in terms of output parameters, efficiency, and providing the accurate speed for DC motor. |
| Keywords: | Boost converter, Brushless DC motor, Buck converter, GaN transistor, SiC transistor |
| JEL: | L63 L86 |
| Date: | 2020–03–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:99581&r=all |
| By: | Fuller, Sam; Brown, Austin |
| Keywords: | Law |
| Date: | 2020–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0qm1f3d4&r=all |
| By: | Youming Liu; Shanjun Li; Caixia Shen |
| Abstract: | The efficiency of resource allocation is often analyzed in static frameworks with a focus on the cross-sectional heterogeneity in the willingness to pay among users. When the resource is durable in nature, the temporal heterogeneity could be important in assessing the efficiency properties of different allocation mechanisms. This paper uses a dynamic model to empirically quantify the efficiency outcome of using lotteries to allocate scarce resources among forward-looking consumers. In the context of the lottery policy for vehicle licenses in Beijing, our analysis shows that lotteries significantly affect intertemporal decisions in that households participate in lotteries at least four years earlier on average than they would be in a counterfactual environment of no quantity constraint. The welfare loss due to temporal heterogeneity and resulting changes in participation decisions accounts for over half of the total welfare loss from the lottery policy. The analysis highlights the importance of taking dynamic efficiency into account in designing resource allocation mechanisms. |
| JEL: | L51 L62 R21 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26904&r=all |