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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Haixiao, Pan (Asian Development Bank Institute); Ya, Gao (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | High-speed rail (HSR) construction is continuing at a rapid pace in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to improve rail’s competitiveness in the passenger market and facilitate inter-city accessibility. To take advantage of spillover effects, bring economic cohesion at the local level, and recover the local matching investment in infrastructure, all cities have planned new towns around HSR stations. Speeding up HSR construction has required the development of many standardized technologies and processes. Plans for HSR stations usually situate them in suburbs, far from city centers, to reduce the cost of property right of way relating to the removal of housing or industry as well as to lower the complexities in negotiations. However, city centers remain the main starting and destination terminals for most HSR passengers, especially businessmen who use HSR frequently. Besides, large railway stations in suburbs, providing a comfortable waiting space for passengers, have prolongate the travel time for HSR users. A reliable and high-quality public transit service, connecting an HSR station and the city center at the launch of HSR operations, is essential to curb the increase in car/taxi use. Studies have also suggested that, instead of building one big HSR station in the suburb of a metropolis, constructing multiple stations in the vicinity of city centers will greatly reduce the access/egress time, thereby enhancing travel efficiency. |
| Keywords: | high-speed rail; multimodal intercity transport; People’s Republic of China |
| JEL: | L92 R11 R40 R58 |
| Date: | 2019–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0959&r=all |
| By: | John M. Barrios; Yael Hochberg; Hanyi Yi |
| Abstract: | We examine the effect of the introduction of ridehailing in U.S. cities on fatal traffic accidents. The arrival of ridehailing is associated with an increase of approximately 3% in the number of fatalities and fatal accidents, for both vehicle occupants and pedestrians. The effects persist when controlling for proxies for smartphone adoption patterns. Consistent with ridehailing increasing congestion and road usage, we find that introduction is associated with an increase in arterial vehicle miles traveled, excess gas consumption, and annual hours of delay in traffic. On the extensive margin, ridehailing’s arrival is also associated with an increase in new car registrations. These effects are higher in cities with prior higher use of public transportation and carpools, consistent with a substitution effect, and in larger cities. These effects persist over time. Back-of-the-envelope estimates of the annual cost in human lives range from $5.33B to $13.24B. |
| JEL: | I00 O3 R4 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26783&r=all |
| By: | Börjesson, Maria (Research Programme in Transport Economics); Johansson, Magnus (Research Programme in Transport Economics); Kågeson, Per (Research Programme in Transport Economics) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we present a method for evaluating social benefits of electric roads and apply it to the Swedish highway network. Together with estimated investments costs this can be used to produce a cost benefit analysis. An electric road is characterized by high economies of scale (high investment cost and low marginal cost) and considerable economies of scope (the benefit per kilometre electric road depends on the size of the network), implying that the market will produce a smaller network of electric roads, or charge higher prices for its use, than what is welfare optimal. For this reason, it is relevant for governments to consider investing in electric roads, making the cost-benefit analysis a key decision support. We model the behaviour of the carriers using the Swedish national freight model system, SAMGODS, determining the optimal shipment sizes and optimal transport chains, including mode and vehicle type. We find that if the user charge is set as to optimize social welfare, the revenue will not fully cover the investment cost of the electric road. If they are instead set to optimize profit for the operator of the electric road operator, we find that the revenue will cover the costs if the electric road network is large enough. Electric roads appear to provide a cost-effective means to significantly reduce carbon emissions from heavy trucks. In a scenario where the expansion connects the three biggest cities in Sweden, emissions will be cut by one-third of the overall emissions from heavy trucks in Sweden. The main argument against a commitment to electric roads is that investment and maintenance costs are uncertain and that, in the long run, battery development or hydrogen fuel cells can reduce the benefit of such roads. |
| Keywords: | Pricing and economic analysis; Cost-benefit analysis; Electric road; Carbon emissions; Freight transport; E-motorways |
| JEL: | R12 R41 R42 |
| Date: | 2020–03–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:trnspr:2020_001&r=all |
| By: | Bassem Haidar (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - EA 2606 - CentraleSupélec); Pascal da Costa (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - EA 2606 - CentraleSupélec); Jan Lepoutre; Yannick Perez (UP11 - Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11) |
| Abstract: | The decarbonization of the transportation sector needs a major rise in the electric vehicle (EV) market share in order to totally switch into electromobility. Boosting the electric vehicle market requires a cooperation between automotive industries by developing this technology especially batteries, charging infrastructure by installing more charging points especially fast ones and EV owners by giving them subsidies and offers. We collected data from different sources to analyze PEV sales in French departments and to know the reason that has the highest impact on the client's choice. Based on existing literature, we identified the most important factors and tried to build the French econometrics model using RStudio. Our model found that the vehicle price, autonomy, department's population density, local subsidies and fuel price to be significant and positively correlated to local PEV sales. However, charging infrastructure had negative impact and no significancy on the electromobility market. Results suggest boosting the study on a more detailed concept such as cities and suburbs as well as adding factors that reflect a department's and a client's characteristics in order to conclude with results that are more accurate. |
| Keywords: | Charging infrastructure,Electric vehicles,Econometrics study,Subsidies,Incentives |
| Date: | 2019–08–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02438211&r=all |
| By: | Ioannou, Petros; Zhang, Yihang |
| Abstract: | Traffic during peak hours is getting worse over time and the duration of the peak is increasing in most metropolitan areas as more drivers try to use limited roadway capacity. Bottlenecks caused by traffic incidents or road construction limit roadway capacity even further and can cause traffic “shock waves.” When an incident causes a highway lane to close unexpectedly, vehicles are forced to change lanes close to the incident and at low speeds. These forced lane changes interfere with traffic flow in open lanes and decrease the overall flow of the roadway. Heavy-duty trucks can exacerbate congestion because they are larger and slower than passenger vehicles. Advanced technologies may help to improve traffic flow in these situations. Variable speed limits can change based on road, traffic, and weather conditions. Speed limits can be reduced in real time when congestion is imminent to smooth traffic flow and handle more traffic volume at a slower, but not stop-and-go, speed. Lane change control systems provide lane change recommendations well upstream of blocked lanes, spreading lane changes over a greater distance and minimizing bottlenecks that disrupt traffic flow. This policy brief summarizes findings from researchers at the University of Southern California who simulated traffic patterns along a section of Interstate 710 near the Ports of Long Beach/Los Angeles, a congested area that gets substantial truck traffic. They simulated the use of variable speed limit and lane change control systems to evaluate the potential traffic impacts of these systems. This brief is based on research from two NCST projects: Eco-Friendly Intelligent Transportation System Technology for Freight Vehicles , and Reducing Truck Emissions and Improving Truck Fuel Economy via ITS Technologies . |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Feedback control, Fuel consumption, Lane changing, Monte Carlo method, Pollutants, Ramp metering, Traffic flow, Trucks, Variable speed limits, Speed limits, Traffic models, Truck traffic |
| Date: | 2020–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt69w5g2h9&r=all |
| By: | Jenn, Alan; Fleming, Kelly |
| Abstract: | The gasoline tax is one of the primary sources of revenue for transportation infrastructure funding. However, recent revenue shortfalls due to a combination of inflation, fuel efficiency improvements, and vehicle electrification have led to discussions of alternative funding mechanisms such as the road user charge where drivers would pay fees by miles driven rather than gallons consumed. In this report, researchers investigate the institutional structure of the current gasoline tax at the federal level including historical changes, how the tax is collected, and how it is allocated and disbursed to fund infrastructure projects. In outlining the structure of the current gasoline tax, they identify key opportunities for a road user charge to be integrated into the current funding system. These include considerations for tax evasion, simplification of state level allocated disbursement formulas, re-allocation of funds, and designating spending for fuel-specific infrastructure. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Law, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Gasoline tax, highway trust fund, transportation infrastructure funding |
| Date: | 2020–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt6n81j5n8&r=all |
| By: | Sen Li; Kameshwar Poolla; Pravin Varaiya |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the joint impact of congestion surcharge and wage regulation on transportation network companies (TNCs). These impacts are assessed by a market equilibrium model that captures the incentives of the passengers, drivers, and the platform, and accounts for the congestion externalities of the TNC vehicles. Under a wage floor on TNC drivers, we consider two schemes of congestion surcharges: (a) surcharge based on each TNC trip, and (b) surcharge based on each vehicle hour (regardless of whether the vehicle has a passenger or not). We show that both congestion surcharges can reduce the TNC ridership, but their impacts are mitigated by the wage floor and cannot significantly reduce the number of TNC vehicles. In contrast to the trip-based surcharge, we advocate the time-based congestion surcharge, which penalizes idle vehicle time and improves the vehicle occupancy. Through a case study for San Francisco, we show that the time-based congestion surcharge offers a Pareto improvement. It leads to higher passenger surplus, higher driver surplus, higher platform profits, and higher tax revenue for the city. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2003.02550&r=all |
| By: | Mohsen Momenitabar; Raj Bridgelall; Zhila Dehdari Ebrahimi; Mohammad Arani |
| Abstract: | The installation of high-speed rail in the world during the last two decades resulted in significant socioeconomic and environmental changes. The U.S. has the longest rail network in the world, but the focus is on carrying a wide variety of loads including coal, farm crops, industrial products, commercial goods, and miscellaneous mixed shipments. Freight and passenger services in the U.S. dates to 1970, with both carried out by private railway companies. Railways were the main means of transport between cities from the late 19th century through the middle of the 20th century. However, rapid growth in production and improvements in technologies changed those dynamics. The fierce competition for comfortability and pleasantness in passenger travel and the proliferation of aviation services in the U.S. channeled federal and state budgets towards motor vehicle infrastructure, which brought demand for railroads to a halt in the 1950s. Presently, the U.S. has no high-speed trains, aside from sections of Amtrak s Acela line in the Northeast Corridor that can reach 150 mph for only 34 miles of its 457-mile span. The average speed between New York and Boston is about 65 mph. On the other hand, China has the world s fastest and largest high-speed rail network, with more than 19,000 miles, of which the vast majority was built in the past decade. Japan s bullet trains can reach nearly 200 miles per hour and dates to the 1960s. That system moved more than 9 billion people without a single passenger casualty. In this systematic review, we studied the effect of High-Speed Rail (HSR) on the U.S. and other countries including France, Japan, Germany, Italy, and China in terms of energy consumption, land use, economic development, travel behavior, time use, human health, and quality of life. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2003.04452&r=all |
| By: | Stephen P. Holland; Erin T. Mansur; Andrew J. Yates |
| Abstract: | Electric vehicles have a unique potential to transform personal transportation. We analyze the transition to electric vehicles with a dynamic model that captures the falling costs of producing electric vehicles, the decreasing pollution from electricity generation, the increasing substitutability of electric for gasoline vehicles, and the durability of the vehicle stock. Due to the external costs from pollution, inefficiencies under business as usual result from the mix of vehicles as well as the transition timing, the severity of which depends on substitutability. We calibrate the model to the US market and find the magnitude of the inefficiency is rather modest: less than 5 percent of total external costs. The optimal purchase subsidy for electric vehicles and the optimal ban on the production of gasoline vehicles both give about the same efficiency improvement, but the latter leads to a sharp increase in gasoline vehicle production just before the ban. Phasing out gasoline vehicles with a bankable production quota reduces deadweight loss substantially more than the other policies, but may lead to a very large deadweight loss if set incorrectly. |
| JEL: | D62 H23 Q40 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26804&r=all |
| By: | Burlig, Fiona PhD; Bushnell, James PhD; Rapson, David PhD; Wolfram, Catherine PhD |
| Abstract: | The rapid electrification of the transportation fleet in California raises important questions about the reliability, cost, and environmental implications for the electric grid. A crucial first element to understanding these implications is an accurate picture of the extent and timing of residential electricity use devoted to EVs. Although California is now home to over 650,000 electric vehicles (EVs), less than 5% of these vehicles are charged at home using a meter dedicated to EV use. This means that state policy has had to rely upon very incomplete data on residential charging use. This report summarizes the first phase of a project combining household electricity data and information on the adoption of electric vehicles over the span of four years. We propose a series of approaches for measuring the effects of EV adoption on electricity load in California. First, we measure load from the small subset of households that do have an EV-dedicated meter. Second, we estimate how consumption changes when households go from a standard residential electricity tariff to an EV-specific tariff. Finally, we suggest an approach for estimating the effect of EV ownership on electricity consumption in the average EV-owning household. We implement this approach using aggregated data, but future work should use household-level data to more effectively distinguish signal from noise in this analysis. Preliminary results show that households on EV-dedicated meters are using 0.35 kWh per hour from Pacific Gas and Electric (PGE); 0.38 kWh per hour from Southern California Edison; and 0.28 kWh per hour from San Diego Gas and Electric on EV charging. Households switching to EV rates without dedicated meters are using less electricity for EV charging: 0.30 kWh per hour in PGE. Our household approach applied to aggregated data is too noisy to be informative. These estimates should be viewed as evidence that more focused analysis with more detailed data would be of high value and likely necessary to produce rigorous analysis of the role EVs are playing in residential electricity consumption. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles, energy consumption, demand, household, residential areas, policy analysis, empirical methods, data analysis |
| Date: | 2020–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt9t62s2sd&r=all |
| By: | Seyed Hassan Hosseini; Ahmad Mehrabian; Mohsen Momenitabar; Zhila Dehdari Ebrahimi; Mohammad Arani |
| Abstract: | Perusing three important elements (economic, safety and traffic) is the overall objective of decision evaluation across all transport projects. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of development of city interchanges, and road connections for network users. In order to achieve this goal, a series of smaller goals are required including determining benefits, costs of implementing new highway interchanges, quantifying the effective parameters, quantifying the increase in fuel consumption, quantifying the reduction in travel time and growth in travel speeds. In this study, geometric advancement of Hakim highway, and Yadegar-e-Emam highway was investigated just Macro from cloverleaf intersection with a low capacity to three-level directional intersection and enhanced cloverleaf. For this purpose, the simulation was done by EMME/2 software. The results of the method of net present value (NPV) were evaluated economically, and the benefit and cost of each one was stated precisely in different years (%28 improvement). The sensitivity analysis indicated that the cost of fuel, cost of travel time, cost of accidents and cost of pollutants have the highest impact factor in this assessment respectively. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2003.04459&r=all |
| By: | Shilling, Fraser M.; Collins, Amy; Longcore, Travis; Vickers, Winston |
| Abstract: | Creating and maintaining sustainable transportation systems depends in part on understanding and mitigating ecological impacts. Wildlife crossing structures (WCS) are often used to mitigate impacts on wildlife populations. WCS and existing structures may provide passage for multiple species, depending on their sensitivity to traffic disturbance and perception of the roadway. In a previous project, the research team found that traffic conditions and traffic noise could reduce WCS effectiveness in facilitating passage of diverse and sensitive species. In the current project, they expanded the geographic scope to 26 sites throughout California, including detailed measurements of vehicle noise and lighting impacts on wildlife use of structures. They investigated individual animal behavior as the animals approached structures as a possible mechanism for reducing species diversity due to traffic disturbance. In order to inform future WCS planning, placement and construction, the team studied traffic noise and light impacts on wildlife in the vicinity of the proposed Liberty Canyon wildlife over-crossing (over US 101), the first and largest of its kind in California. They improved a preliminary statistical model of the effects of traffic on WCS use of existing structures. The authors recommend strategies for transportation agencies to use in developing and modifying WCS to improve wildlife passage. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Life Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Wildlife crossing structures, wildlife-vehicle collision, wildlife connectivity, mitigation, ecologically-sustainable transportation |
| Date: | 2020–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt72h3x0nk&r=all |
| By: | Rodier, Caroline; Podolsky, Laura |
| Abstract: | Low-income rural residents, especially those who do not own a car, have limited transportation options for accessing jobs, health care, education, healthy food, and other basic services. Rural transit service is often expensive, infrequent, and hard to access because of long travel distances and low development densities. Transit providers face very high operating costs of fixed-route and dial-a-ride transit services because of low farebox recovery rates. Shared-use mobility services such as ridehailing and carsharing largely serve major metropolitan areas. However, rural governments are beginning to consider whether these types of services may be able to augment existing transit services while providing cost-effective transportation access to rural residents. This policy brief summarizes findings from a UC Davis study in which researchers compared the cost-effectiveness of existing inter-city transit service in rural disadvantaged communities in California’s San Joaquin Valley to hypothetical ridesharing and carsharing services. The researchers also reviewed existing shared-use mobility pilots and consulted with experts in shared mobility and local transportation planning to develop concepts for future shared mobility pilot programs in the San Joaquin Valley. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Benefit cost analysis, Demand responsive transportation, Intercity transportation, Low income groups, Paratransit services, Rural transportation, Shared mobility, Transportation disadvantaged persons, Travel costs, Vehicle sharing |
| Date: | 2020–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1wc452qm&r=all |
| By: | Arpit Gupta; Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh; Constantine Kontokosta |
| Abstract: | Transit infrastructure is a critical asset for economic activity yet costly to build in dense urban environments. We measure the benefit of the Second Avenue Subway extension in New York City by analyzing local real estate prices which capitalize the benefits of transit spillovers. We find that price increase by 10%, creating $7 billion in new property value. Using cell phone ping data, we document substantial reductions in commuting time especially among subway users, offering a plausible mechanism for the price gains. Higher prices reflect both higher rents and lower risk. Infrastructure improvements thus lower the riskiness of real estate investments. Only 30% of the private value created by the subway is captured by local government through higher property tax revenue, and is insufficient to cover the cost of the subway. Targeted property tax increases may help capture more of the value created, and serve as a useful funding tool. |
| JEL: | G10 G18 R3 R38 R41 R42 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26789&r=all |
| By: | Marwa Salah (Fayoum University); Mohamed Abou-Shouk (UoS - University of Sharjah) |
| Abstract: | Customer satisfaction and loyalty are important concerns for travel providers and have a significant role in maximizing their sales. Therefore, adopting the activities of customer relationship management could help them building strong relationships with customers. This study explores the opinions of EgyptAir passengers on customer relationship management activities adopted by the company and how this affects their satisfaction and loyalty. A questionnaire was used for data collection and structural equation modelling was employed for rigorous findings. Findings revealed a positive significant effect of shared values, bonding, commitment, trust, tangibility, and handling customer conflicts on passenger satisfaction and loyalty. |
| Keywords: | CRM,Airlines,Satisfaction,loyalty,EgyptAir,Egypt |
| Date: | 2019–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02454932&r=all |
| By: | Giao, Ha Nam Khanh |
| Abstract: | The study aimed to identify and measure the factors affecting the decision to purchase online airline tickets in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (HCMC) by surveying 536 customers aged 18 and over who bought airline tickets online and live in Ho Chi Minh City. The SPSS 20 tool was used to analyze the reliability of the scale through the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, EFA exploratory factor analysis, AMOS 22 software to calibrate the scale by CFA confirmatory factor analysis, and evaluated by linear SEM analysis. Research results show that positive impact factors, decreasing by their strength, include: Perceived benefit, Perceived ease of use, Reputation of the airline, Subjective norm, Reliability. Meanwhile, Risk perception has a negative impact on the intention to buy airline tickets of customers. Research also indicates that the intention to purchase airline tickets online has an impact on purchase decisions. The results also help managers recognize the importance of the factors that affect the buying behavior of the consumers, and consequently make appropriate strategic adjustments and actions in the competitive process for online airline tickets presently. |
| Date: | 2019–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:fzh5v&r=all |