|
on Transport Economics |
| By: | Michael Drexl (Deggendorf Institute of Technology, Johannes Gutenberg-University) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies an extension of the well-known one-to-one pickup-and-delivery problem with time windows. In the latter problem, requests to transport goods from pickup to delivery locations must be fulfilled by a set of vehicles with limited capacity subject to time window constraints at locations. The goods are not interchangeable; what is picked up at one particular location must be delivered to one particular other location. The extension discussed here consists in the consideration of a heterogeneous vehicle fleet comprising lorries with detachable trailers. Trailers are advantageous as they increase the overall vehicle capacity. However, some locations may be accessible only by a lorry without a trailer. Therefore, special locations are available where trailers can be parked while lorries visit accessibility-constrained locations. This induces a nontrivial tradeoff between an enlarged vehicle capacity and the necessity of scheduling detours for parking and reattaching a trailer. The contribution of the present paper is threefold: (i) It studies a practically relevant generalization of the one-to-one pickup-and-delivery problem with time windows. (ii) It develops an exact amortized constant-time procedure for testing the feasibility of an insertion of a transport task into a given route with regard to time windows and lorry and trailer capacities and embeds this test in an adaptive large neighbourhood search algorithm for the heuristic solution of the problem. (iii) It provides a comprehensive set of benchmark instances on which the running time of the constant-time test is compared with a naïve one that requires linear time. The results of computational experiments show signiï¬ cant speedups of one order of magnitude on average. |
| Keywords: | Vehicle routing;Pickup-and-delivery;Trailers;Adaptive large neighbourhood search; Insertion heuristic; Constant-time feasibility test. |
| Date: | 2018–10–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jgu:wpaper:1816&r=all |
| By: | Jenn, Alan |
| Abstract: | Pricing externalities from vehicle use such as road damage, vehicular emissions (both greenhouse gases and local pollutants), and congestion has become an important topic in the transportation sector in recent years. Road user charge pilot programs are being explored in various states in the U.S.; cities like New York and San Francisco are following in the footsteps of Stockholm and London by announcing plans to implement congestion pricing; and numerous cities and countries have announced gasoline vehicle phase-outs or bans. In this study, we provide an overview of the academic literature related to vehicle pricing, we examine case studies of locations where pricing has been implemented, and we investigate the design choices for programs that would address each of three major externalities related to vehicle use: road damage, emissions (both greenhouse gases and local pollutants), and congestion. Our analysis finds opportunities for integrating technology across multiple pricing programs—by relying on overlapping systems, programs can be implemented more efficiently and provide tremendous cost savings. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Law, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vehicle pricing, congestion charges, mileage fees |
| Date: | 2019–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt9n8571hf&r=all |
| By: | Christopher R. Knittel; Shinsuke Tanaka |
| Abstract: | We use novel microdata on on-road fuel consumption and prices paid for fuel in Japan to estimate short-run price elasticities of demand for gasoline consumption. We have three main findings. First, our elasticity estimates of roughly -0.37 are in orders of magnitude larger than previously estimated using more aggregate data. Second, we are one of the first papers to separately estimate both the price elasticities of miles driven (-0.30) and on-road fuel economy (0.07). Lastly, we find that on-road fuel economy is determined by recent prices than distant past prices paid, suggesting limited habit formation of fuel-conserving driving behaviors. |
| JEL: | D12 L71 Q31 Q41 R48 |
| Date: | 2019–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26488&r=all |
| By: | Jenn, Alan |
| Abstract: | Driving is associated with a series of costs to society, or externalities. These include road damages, traffic congestion, and vehicle emissions (of both local pollutants and greenhouse gases). A fuel tax has been used in the United States to account for some of these costs, particularly road damage. However, other methods of pricing may be more effective and able to cover a variety of externalities. While several successful programs have been implemented in other countries, very few have been attempted in the United States. To inform the optimal design of programs to price road use/damage, emissions, and congestion, researchers at UC Davis reviewed published studies, examined existing programs, and investigated potential design choices for such programs. This policy brief summarizes the findings of that study. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Law, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vehicle pricing, congestion charges, mileage fees |
| Date: | 2019–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1nk7g9r8&r=all |
| By: | Raco, Jozef; Raton, Yulius; Taroreh, Frankie; Muaja, Octavianus |
| Abstract: | The advancement of technology and Smartphone applications offers a lot of opportunities and challenges for companies to increase their market share. Through this technology and its application, companies such as transportation industries can make a lot of money and bring their products and services closer, faster and more easily to customers. In addition the customers can gain access to companies’ services and products on time. On the other hand the advancement of Smartphone technology disrupts the common transportation business practices. Communication and negotiation are becoming more virtual. This technology brings about huge benefits to both customers and companies. However the same technology causes a huge problem especially to other transportation companies as they might lose market if they do not use it. This technology helps many transportation industries to make business innovations such as offering lower prices, faster services and deliveries. This research focuses on transportation companies, specifically motorcycle taxis with online booking, which use a Smartphone application. In Manado Indonesia there are three popular motorcycle taxi online companies that use a Smartphone online application, which are Gojek, Grab and Uber. A lot of people use an online motorcycle taxi rather than public transportation because of its convenience, affordable price, safety and speed compared to local public transport. This study aims to find out the determinant factors that influence people to use motorcycle taxi online services. This research is going to reveal the favorite motorcycle taxi online company and its criteria based on respondents’ perspectives. This paper will use the Analytical Hierarchy Process both for data gathering and data analysis. The research findings will contribute to the local government in formulating laws and policies specifically on motorcycle taxi online service. |
| Date: | 2018–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:inarxi:kq4vu&r=all |
| By: | Young, Mischa; Allen, Jeff (University of Toronto); Farber, Steven |
| Abstract: | Policymakers in cities worldwide are trying to determine how ride-hailing services affect the ridership of traditional forms of public transportation. The level of convenience and comfort that these services provide is bound to take riders away from transit, but by operating in areas, or at times, when transit is less frequent, they may also be filling a gap left vacant by transit operations. These contradictory effects reveal why we should not merely categorize ride-hailing services as a substitute or complement to transit, and demonstrate the need to examine ride-hailing trips individually. Using data from the 2016 Transportation Tomorrow Survey in Toronto, we investigate the difference in travel-time between observed ride-hailing trips and their fastest transit alternative. Ordinary least square and ordered logistic regressions are used to uncover the characteristics that influence travel-time differences. We find that ride-hailing trips contained within the City of Toronto, pursued during peak hours, or for shopping purposes, are more likely to have transit alternatives of similar duration. We also find discrepancies in travel-time to be often caused by lengthy walk- and wait-times for transit or because of transfers. Our results further indicate that 30.61% of ride-hailing trips in our sample have transit alternatives of similar duration. These are particularly damaging for transit agencies as they compete directly with services that fall within reasonable transit expectations. We also find that 26.87% of ride-hailing trips would take at least 30 minutes longer by transit. In light of these findings, we discuss recommendations for ride-hailing taxation structures. |
| Date: | 2019–09–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:hvbma&r=all |
| By: | Romain Gaté (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to measure the efficiency of different road pricing schemes (Pigouvian tax, flat tax and cordon toll) to address congestion externalities when the locations of jobs and dwellings within a city are endogenous. The model captures the fact that commuters face a trade-off between taking advantage of the wage premium in the Central Business District (CBD) and being stuck in traffic. I find that the Pigouvian tax strategy is not a social optimum due to the presence of two market failures in the urban economy: congestion and misallocation of jobs within the city. A Pigouvian tax on commuters cannot solve two different problems simultaneously, namely, reducing the congestion level given the locations of jobs and reaching the optimal spatial allocation of firms. Without regulation, the number of jobs in the CBD is too high (and the congestion cost is excessive), while the Pigouvian tax generates a CBD that is too small. In addition, a flat tax is not necessarily worse than a Pigouvian tax, in contrast to the cordon toll. |
| Keywords: | Polycentric city,Second-best policies,Congestion,Welfare,Urban land use |
| Date: | 2019–10–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02335766&r=all |
| By: | Timo Gschwind (Johannes Gutenberg-University); Nicola Bianchessi (Johannes Gutenber-University); Stefan Irnich (Johannes Gutenberg-University) |
| Abstract: | In the commodity-constrained split delivery vehicle routing problem (C-SDVRP), customer demands are composed of sets of different commodities. The C-SDVRP asks for a minimum-distance set of vehicle routes such that all customer demands are met and vehicle capacities are respected. Moreover, whenever a commodity is delivered by a vehicle to a customer, the entire amount requested by this customer must be provided. Different commodities demanded by one customer, however, can be delivered by different vehicles. Thus, the C-SDVRP is a relaxation of the capacitated vehicle routing problem and a restriction of the split delivery vehicle routing problem. For its exact solution, we propose a branch-price-and-cut algorithm that employs and tailors stabilization techniques that have been successfully applied to several cutting and packing problems. More precisely, we make use of (deep) dual-optimal inequalities which are particularly suited to reduce the negative effects caused by the inherent symmetry of C-SDVRP instances. One main issues here is the interaction of branching and cutting decisions and the different classes of dual inequalities. Extensive computational tests on existing and extended benchmark instances show that all stabilized variants of our branch-price-and-cut are clearly superior to the non-stabilized version. On the existing benchmark, we are signifcantly faster than the state-of-the-art algorithm and provide several new optima for instances with up to 60 customers and 180 tasks. Lower bounds are reported for all tested instances with up to 80 customers and 480 tasks, improving the bounds for all unsolved instances and providing first lower bounds for several instances. |
| Keywords: | routing, vehicle routing, dual-optimal inequalities, column generation, discrete split delivery |
| Date: | 2018–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jgu:wpaper:1817&r=all |
| By: | Hafram, Maryam; Hasim, Abdul Hafid |
| Abstract: | Private vehicles are already a major requirement to carry out daily activities. The extent to which the influence of beliefs and motivations on subjective norm in meeting transportation needs in Makassar. Questionnaires were used to obtain primary data in the study, the survey contained questions related to the personal aspects of subjective norms that influenced the beliefs and motivations of respondents who chose to use private vehicles whether cars or motorcycles. Then, the sample used amounted to 200 to be distributed using a random proportional random sampling method adjusted at the level of education, age, and monthly income. The analysis used is multiple regression descriptions, it used with SPSS Program. The result is that there is significant influence between normative belief to attitude with a coefficient value of 0.631 and there is the impact of motivation on the position with a ratio value equal to 0.648. Of the two independent variables indicate the influence of a large enough person in choosing a private vehicle. The greater power comes from within the family of both parents, wife, husband, and child. The other influence is the social status that forces a person to own a private vehicle. |
| Date: | 2018–06–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:inarxi:jfzh3&r=all |
| By: | Lee, Amy |
| Abstract: | The UC Davis Campus Travel Survey is an annual survey led by Transportation and Parking Services (TAPS) and the National Center for Sustainable Transportation, part of the Institute of Transportation Studies at UC Davis. It collects a rich set of data about travel to the UC Davis campus, demographics, and attitudes toward travel. The 2018-19 survey collected data from 4,014 people affiliated with UC Davis about their travel to campus during a single week in October 2018. It used a stratified random sampling method with the intent to gather a representative sample of the campus population. Over 20 percent of those invited responded to this year’s survey. For the statistics presented throughout this report, we weight the responses by campus role (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior, Master’s, PhD, faculty, and staff) and gender so that the proportion of respondents in each group reflects their proportion in the campus population. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2019–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt44z3060c&r=all |
| By: | Emmanuel Asane-Otoo (University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics); Bernhard Dannemann (University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we revisit the empirical observation that prices rise like rockets when input costs increase but fall like feathers when input costs decrease. The analysis draws on a novel dataset that include daily retail prices of gasoline and diesel from virtually all fuel stations in Germany over the period from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2018. Our findings from the national, state-specific and station-level analyses based on an asymmetric error correction model indicate that asymmetric pricing is the norm rather than exception. Specifically, we find empirical evidence that points to a pervasive rockets-and-feathers pattern. We also find that asymmetric pricing in the German retail fuel market might partly be the consequence of tacit collusion among competitors as well as disparate search intensity on the part of consumers. We further show that temporal aggregation of station-level price data might lead to inaccurate inferences and could account for the contradictory findings in the extant literature. |
| Keywords: | Asymmetric Pricing, Market Transparancy, Search Intensity, Tacit Collusion |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:old:dpaper:426&r=all |