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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Jiaxing Wang (Department of Economics, Aoyama Gakuin University. 4-4-25 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-8366, Japan.); Shigeru Matsumoto (Department of Economics, Aoyama Gakuin University. 4-4-25 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-8366, Japan.) |
| Abstract: | Although many countries have implemented subsidy programs for next-generation vehicles in order to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector, the effect of such programs has not yet been fully investigated in terms of their influence of households f vehicle selection. The Japanese government introduced a subsidy program entitled gEco-car h during 2009 and 2012. In this study, we apply multinomial logit models to micro-level data of vehicle selection from the National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure in order to identify the types of households who switched from conventional gasoline vehicles to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) using this subsidy program. Our analyses demonstrate that higher income households who used compact gasoline vehicles (CGVs) before the Eco-car program switched to HEVs using the subsidy, whereas those who used regular gasoline vehicles (RGVs) did not switched to HEVs. Although seniors chose HEVs over CGVs before the Eco-car program, younger consumers began choosing HEVs over CGVs after the Eco-car program. We also find that gasoline price became a less important factor on HEV purchase after the Eco-car program. |
| Keywords: | Eco-car program, Hybrid electric vehicles, Micro-level data, Multinomial logit model |
| JEL: | H23 Q55 C25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:was:dpaper:1904&r=all |
| By: | Niek Mouter (Delft University of Technology); Paul Koster (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Thijs Dekker (University of Leeds) |
| Abstract: | Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is a widely applied economic appraisal tool to support the planning and decision-making process for transport projects. However, in the planning literature CBA has been criticized for at least three reasons: 1) CBA focuses on traditional transport system related planning goals and poorly considers the broader goals of urban transport planning such as social equity; 2) CBA corrodes and degrades the forward looking nature of the planning proficiency. The instrument can be conceived as a backward looking methodology as it assumes that people’s past decisions in a (private) market setting reflect their normative ideas regarding their preferred future urban mobility system; 3) CBA fails to recognize the specific (local) features of the problem which a transport project aspires to solve as practical CBA studies use generic price tags to value impacts of a transport project. Participatory Value Evaluation (PVE) is a novel evaluation approach specifically designed to overcome these criticisms while preserving the positive aspects that CBA brings to planning. This paper illustrates the PVE method with a case study on the evaluation of a transport investment scheme of the Transport Authority Amsterdam. In total 2,498 citizens participated in the PVE. We find that projects with the highest social value focus on safety and improvements for cyclists and pedestrians, whereas projects that focus on reducing travel times for car users have lower value. Moreover, we establish that PVE captures citizens’ preferences towards broader goals of transport planning such as improving health and the environment, fostering city cycling as well as the inclusion of ethical considerations such as spatial equality. PVE also allows for the inclusion of citizens’ normative ideas regarding their preferred future urban mobility system and local characteristics of the transport problem/solution. |
| JEL: | O21 D61 D63 R42 R58 |
| Date: | 2019–07–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20190046&r=all |
| By: | Wolfgang Kerber (Philipps University Marburg); Daniel Moeller (Philipps University Marburg) |
| Abstract: | The need for regulatory solutions for access to in-vehicle data and resources of connected cars is one of the big controversial and unsolved policy issues. Last year the EU revised the Motor Vehicle Type Approval Regulation which already entailed a FRAND-like solution for the access to repair and maintenance information (RMI) to protect competition on the automotive aftermarkets. However, the transition to connected cars changes the technological conditions for this regulatory solution significantly. This paper analyzes the reform of the type approval regulation and shows that the regulatory solutions for access to RMI are so far only very insufficiently capable of dealing with the challenges coming along with increased connectivity, e.g. with regard to the new remote diagnostic, repair and maintenance services. Therefore, an important result of the paper is that the transition to connected cars will require a further reform of the rules for the regulated access to RMI (esp. with regard to data access, interoperability, and safety/security issues). However, our analysis also suggests that the basic approach of the current regulated access regime for RMI in the type approval regulation can also be a model for developing general solutions for the currently unsolved problems of access to in-vehicle data and resources in the ecosystem of connected driving. |
| Keywords: | data access, Internet of Things, connected cars, aftermarkets, digital economy |
| JEL: | K23 L62 L86 O33 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:201915&r=all |
| By: | Sungwon Lee (The Korea Transport Institute); Gyung Chuk Kim (The Korea Transport Institute); Seung Kook Wu (The Korea Transport Institute); Jieun Oh (The Korea Transport Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the impact that advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have on the behaviour of transport users and their mode choice habits in Seoul. It discusses the stated preference survey conducted in Seoul and the analysis carried out using the discrete choice modelling approach to understand the sensitivity of the demand for private and public transport uses on time, cost and availability of ICT. |
| Date: | 2019–02–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2019/02-en&r=all |
| By: | Jens Sorvik; Anna Zingmark; Matilda Ardenfors |
| Abstract: | There is a revival in the automotive sector in West Sweden, whereby several new companies set around the vehicle industry are attracting fresh capital and expertise into the region. An increasingly dynamic entrepreneurial ecosystem is generating new innovation intermediaries who provide added-value functions. The emergence of these innovation intermediaries is being driven by political, market-related, socio-cultural, relational and technological factors. These include societal challenges and trends that drive political interest, such as environmental issues and climate change. There is also a political interest in adapting to globalisation, to secure regional competitiveness and resilience. New technology developments include the electrification of vehicles, automation and connected vehicles. This is driving an interest from industry and academia in attracting talent and securing competences. There is also a tradition and experience of collaboration in the region. Volvo Group (AB Volvo) and Volvo Cars are very interested in continuing to nurture the regional ecosystem, by attracting other companies to the region. Civil society is eventually involved in the innovation ecosystem as user of technology, where user behaviour is analysed as an input to development processes. A common view among respondents is that it should be the needs of the stakeholders to drive the setting-up of innovation support actors or collaborative projects. These initiatives should support not only single companies but also many actors in the system, and be conducive to collaborative activities. |
| Keywords: | Place-based, innovation ecosystem, Gothenburg, Sweden, Volvo, quadruple helix, smart specialisation, territorial development, new technologies, automatation, connected vehicles |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc114384&r=all |
| By: | Onésimo Flores Dewey (Jetty) |
| Abstract: | This paper details the history of Jetty, an app-based collective transport platform operating in Mexico City since August 2017. It sets out the origins of the idea, recounts the strong competitive and regulatory pushback Jetty has faced, and evaluates Jetty’s current growth and impact. In this context, the paper explores the potential contribution of new app-based mobility services in environments such as Mexico City - where transit alternatives are ubiquitous, fares are low and unsubsidised, but service is unsafe, insecure, uncomfortable, unreliable and unaccountable. It asks to what extent a technology company can complement government regulations, by establishing and enforcing stricter service standards on private suppliers of service whilst remaining responsive and accountable to passengers. |
| Date: | 2019–01–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2019/01-en&r=all |
| By: | Adam, Marc Christopher |
| Abstract: | Was the collapse of world trade between 1928 and 1937 caused by higher transport costs, increased protectionism or the collapse of the gold standard? Using recent advances in the estimation of gravity equations, I examine the partial and general equilibrium effects of bilateral distance, international borders, and the payment system on trade. My results suggest that had average tari and non-tari trade barriers remained at their 1928 level, total international trade would have been 64.6 % higher in 1937. Had the gold standard not collapsed in 1931 and had the British Empire not departed to establish its own currency and trade blocs, international trade would have been 3 % larger. Finally, had transport costs remained at their 1928 level, global trade would not have been significantly different nine years on. These results are supported by over 6,000 new hand-collected observations of ad-valorem ocean freight rates for cotton, which show an average increase of only 1.2 percentage points between 1928 and 1936. When expressed as an index, the movement of freight rates mirrors the evolution of the elasticity of trade to distance over the period. |
| Keywords: | International trade,Gravity equation,Great Depression |
| JEL: | F10 F12 F13 F33 N70 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fubsbe:20198&r=all |
| By: | Abhiman Das (Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad); Ejaz Ghani (World Bank); Arti Grover (World Bank); William Kerr (Harvard Business School, Entrepreneurial Management Unit); Ramana Nanda (Harvard Business School, Entrepreneurial Managament Unit) |
| Abstract: | We use the construction of India's Golden Quadrangle (GQ) central highway network, together with comprehensive loan data drawn from the Reserve Bank of India, to investigate the interaction between infrastructure development and financial sector depth. We identify a disproportionate increase in loan count and average loan size in districts along the GQ highway network using stringent specifications with industry and district fixed effects. Our results hold in straight-line IV frameworks and are not present in 'placebo tests' with another highway that was planned to be upgraded at the same time as GQ but subsequently delayed. Importantly, however, results are concentrated in districts with stronger initial financial development, suggesting that while financing does respond to large infrastructure investments and help spur real economic outcomes, initial financial sector development might play an important role in determining where real activity will grow. |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hbs:wpaper:19-121&r=all |
| By: | Rune Elvik (The Institute of Transport Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper updates analyses of the relationship between fluctuations of the business cycle and the number of traffic fatalities published in 2015 by the International Transport Forum. Since then, the global recession that started in 2008 has ended and economic growth has returned to most International Transport Forum countries. The paper revisits the affect that declining or stable high rates of unemployment have on traffic fatalities. |
| Date: | 2019–03–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2019/04-en&r=all |
| By: | Cabrales, Antonio; Kendall, Ryan; Sánchez, Angel |
| Abstract: | We consider a situation where driverless cars operate on the same roads as human-driven cars. What policies effectively discourage unsafe (fast) drivers in this mixed-agency environment? We develop a game theoretic model where driverless cars are the slowest and safest choice whereas faster driving speeds lead to higher potential payoffs but higher probabilities of accidents. Faster speeds also have a negative externality on the population. The model is used to create four experimental policy conditions. We findt hat the most effective policy is a mechanism where the level of punishment (to fast drivers) is determined endogenously within the driving population. |
| JEL: | C90 D62 D63 |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:13784&r=all |
| By: | Phil Goodwin (University of the West of England) |
| Abstract: | This paper looks at the roles of technologies and other factors in lifestyle choices, travel patterns and behaviours. Building on earlier Roundtable reports on value of time, it discusses how recent behavioural changes might affect the disutility of time spent travelling relative to time spent on other activities. The paper concludes with a discussion on the implications for policy practitioners around modelling and assessing value of travel time savings. |
| Date: | 2019–02–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2019/03-en&r=all |
| By: | Rungskunroch, Panrawee; Kaewunreuen, Sakdirat; Shen, Zuo-Jun |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2019–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt7mq674vr&r=all |