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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Christopher R. Knittel; Elizabeth Murphy |
| Abstract: | Anecdotes that Millennials fundamentally differ from prior generations are numerous in the popular press. One claim is that Millennials, happy to rely on public transit or ride-hailing, are less likely to own vehicles and travel less in personal vehicles than previous generations. However, in this discussion it is unclear whether these perceived differences are driven by changes in preferences or the impact of forces beyond the control of Millennials, such as the Great Recession. We empirically test whether Millennials' vehicle ownership and use preferences differ from those of previous generations using data from the US National Household Travel Survey, Census, and American Community Survey. We estimate both regression and nearest-neighbor matching models to control for the confounding effect of demographic and macroeconomic variables. We find little difference in preferences for vehicle ownership between Millennials and prior generations once we control for confounding variables. In contrast to the anecdotes, we find higher usage in terms of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) compared to Baby Boomers. Next we test whether Millennials are altering endogenous life choices that may, themselves, affect vehicles ownership and use. We find that Millennials are more likely to live in urban settings and less likely to marry by age 35, but tend to have larger families, controlling for age. On net, these other choices have a small effect on vehicle ownership, reducing the number of vehicles per household by less than one percent. |
| JEL: | L9 O18 R2 |
| Date: | 2019–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:25674&r=all |
| By: | Ninpanit, Panittra |
| Abstract: | Traffic-related air pollution is a serious environmental concern in mega-cities worldwide. This study investigates the causal link between fuel prices and traffic-related air pollution using Bangkok and the surrounding areas as a case study. Bangkok has been ranked being as one of the world's most traffic-congested cities. Daily and monthly data for 1996–2017 are used to model three traffic-related air pollutants: CO, NO2, and PM10. Pollution data are collected from 25 monitoring stations. The findings provide evidence that higher fuel prices reduce air pollution from road vehicles. The fuel price elasticities of CO and PM10 pollution are found to be around –0.3 to –0.4 and –0.1 to –0.4, respectively. The estimates suggest a fuel price elasticity of NO2 pollution of –0.2 to –0.3 during 1996–2006. However, the effect of fuel prices on NO2 after 2006 is positive, potentially due to substitution of gasoline with gaseous fuels. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare19:285055&r=all |
| By: | Ouail Al Maghraoui (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - EA 2606 - CentraleSupélec, IRT SystemX - IRT SystemX); Flore Vallet (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - EA 2606 - CentraleSupélec, IRT SystemX - IRT SystemX); Jakob Puchinger (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - EA 2606 - CentraleSupélec, IRT SystemX - IRT SystemX); Bernard Yannou (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - EA 2606 - CentraleSupélec) |
| Abstract: | Travelers interact with a large number and variety of products and services during their journeys. The quality of a travel experience depends on a whole urban mobility system considered in space and time. This paper outlines the relevant concepts to be considered in designing urban mobility. The goal is to provide a language and insights for the early stages of a design process. A literature review sheds light on the complexity of urban mobility from technical, socio-technical, and user experience (UX) perspectives. Observations of experiences in urban areas provide data for describing and understanding travel experience patterns and issues. The paper proposes a conceptual model to describe and analyze different facets of traveler experience, and categorizes problems that travelers face when they interact with an urban mobility system. A case study is reported illustrating the use of the conceptual model in identifying travel problems for a demand-responsive transport (DRT) service. |
| Keywords: | System design,travel problems,traveler experience,service |
| Date: | 2019–03–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02017696&r=all |
| By: | Didier Grouset (RAPSODEE - Centre de recherche d'Albi en génie des procédés des solides divisés, de l'énergie et de l'environnement - IMT Mines Albi - IMT École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Cyrille Ridart (ALBHYON Technopole Innoprod ALBI) |
| Abstract: | This chapter is dedicated to the optimization of cost and energy consumption for compression, transportation, and storage of hydrogen for vehicle refueling in the current hydrogen emerging market. Thus, it considers only small refueling stations (20–200 kg/day) and current costs. It considers two cases: the case of a refueling station on the site of the hydrogen production and the case of a production unit supplying hydrogen to several distant refueling stations. In the case of production and distribution located on the same site, no transportation has to be considered, and the energy consumption is mainly due to hydrogen compression and cooling. In a reference case corresponding to good current practice, the study calculates an energy need of 3.5 or 4.4 kWh per kg of hydrogen transferred to a car tank at 35 or 70 MPa, respectively. It then shows that this need can be reduced by > 25% through judicious use of four or five stages of buffers organized in a pressure cascade for the filling of a tank at 70 MPa. Whereas the total volume of the staged buffers is higher than the volume of a single very-high-pressure buffer (VHPB), the investment cost is only slightly higher; then the energy saving results in short payback times for the extra investment in staged buffers. In the case of a production unit supplying hydrogen to several distant hydrogen refueling stations, energy for transportation by truck and for re-compression on the distribution site must be added. Current off-site distribution practices are used as a reference case; it considers the transportation of hydrogen in 20 MPa steel bottle bundles or trailer tubes and the re-compression of all the hydrogen to the VHPB. To lower the energy spend, solutions are proposed and quantified, such as using small transportable containers of higher pressure light composite bottles and bypassing the compressor as much as possible. Energy needs and CO2 emissions are estimated and compared for the reference case and the innovative cases. The study shows that, even if the investment in composite bottles is high, the resulting overall cost is definitely lower and CO2 emissions can largely be decreased. The size effect appears very important; cost decreases by 60% from 20 to 200 kg/day. |
| Keywords: | Hydrogen,CO2 emissions,compression,storage,transportation,energy,costs |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01877835&r=all |
| By: | V. Licio |
| Abstract: | It has been twenty years since a new literature emerged. Nunn (2009) and three volumes edited by Michalopoulos and Papaioannou (2017) represent the most complete surveys on this 'new economic history' literature. In recent years empirical works on the persistence of history multiplied. If the 'new economic history' literature has no hesitation in confirming the long-term effect of history, some recent contributions reveal that this persistence does not always occur. By inserting into this framework, the paper has a twofold aim. First, it provides an alternative summary of this literature, collecting those contributions that do not retrieve in history an important factor explaining current economic results. On the other hand, starting from the huge amount of works that confirm the persistence of historical facts, it focuses on those contributions that find in the old transport infrastructure the link between past and present. In last five years, the historical Roman road network has assumed a leading role in this field. And by reviewing the original works that focus on the long- lasting effect of the Roman domination and infrastructure, this paper introduces a new measure of Roman roads that has been constructed at the Italian NUTS3 level. The measure computes the length in kilometers of Roman roads for each province in Italy, and contributes to the literature on historical infrastructures, providing a new precise measure to use for empirical purposes, easy to extend at the regional or at the country level and simple to replicate in all those territories where Roman roads have been constructed. |
| Keywords: | Roman roads;history;Historical infrastructure;Persistence;italy;Provinces |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cns:cnscwp:201904&r=all |
| By: | Davide Cerruti (ETH Zurich, Switzerland); Claudio Daminato (ETH Zurich, Switzerland); Massimo Filippini (ETH Zurich, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | Isolating the role of limited knowledge, psychological frictions and policy characteristics is key when evaluating a public program and designing future policies. This paper explores the role of awareness about the presence of fiscal programs in determining their impact on individual choices. Our identification strategy exploits quasi-experimental variation in the introduction of fiscal incentives aimed at promoting the purchase of energy efficient vehicles, and a direct measure of policy awareness at the individual level. We find an important impact of awareness on consumers’ vehicle choices, highlighting that limited awareness may represent a critical barrier to the effectiveness of public programs. |
| Keywords: | Policy awareness, Fiscal programs, Environmental taxation, Vehicle choices |
| JEL: | D12 D83 H23 H31 Q48 |
| Date: | 2019–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:19-316&r=all |
| By: | Patrick Plane (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - Clermont Auvergne - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | En Afrique, les performances dans la fourniture de services intérieurs de transport et de logistique sont faibles. On peut analyser cette inefficacité en testant d'abord un modèle économétrique où la variable expliquée est le prix de revient d'un conteneur importé, information tirée du Doing Business, depuis son port d'arrivée (Gateway) jusqu'à sa destination finale dans un entrepôt. Par usage de la technique de régression économétrique sur l'ensemble du continent, on régresse ce prix sur un vecteur de variables relevant de la géographie, mais aussi de l'économie. … / … |
| Date: | 2019–01–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02069017&r=all |
| By: | Smith, Michael; Wimalasuriya, Rukman; Gunasekera; Voak, Adam |
| Keywords: | Public Economics |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aare19:285090&r=all |