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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Jonsson, Lina (WSP); Björklund, Gunilla (CTS - Centre for Transport Studies Stockholm (KTH and VTI)); Isacsson, Gunnar (Trafikverket) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of the present study is to estimate accident risks and marginal costs for railway level crossings in Sweden. The marginal effect of train traffic on the accident risk is used to derive the marginal cost per train passage that is due to level crossing accidents. The estimations are based on Swedish data from 2000 to 2012 on level crossing accidents, train volume, and crossing characteristics. In this study we estimate the accidents risk for both motorized road traffic and vulnerable road users. As a proxy for road traffic flow we use three categories of road type, and to capture the influences of pedestrians and bicyclists we use information about the number of persons living nearby the level crossing. The results show that both protection device, road type, traffic volume of the trains, and number of persons living nearby the level crossing have significant influences on the accident probability. The marginal cost per train passage regarding motor vehicle accidents is estimated at SEK 1.51 on average in 2012. The corresponding number for accidents with vulnerable road users excluding suicides is SEK 0.79 or including suicides SEK 5.02. The cost per train passage varies substantially depending on type of protection device, road type, the traffic volume of the trains, and number of persons living nearby the crossing. |
| Keywords: | Railway; Marginal cost; Accident probability: Level crossings |
| JEL: | D62 H23 R41 |
| Date: | 2019–02–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ctswps:2019_001&r=all |
| By: | Waldemar Marz; Frank Goetzke |
| Abstract: | Climate policy instruments in the transportation sector like fuel economy standards (CAFE) and fuel taxes not only affect households’ vehicle choice, but also the urban form in the long run. We introduce household level vehicle choice into the urban economic monocentric city model and run long-term climate policy scenarios to analyze the welfare effects of this urban adjustment in reaching emission goals. This goes beyond more short-term empirical analyses of the rebound effect in driving. We find that stricter CAFE standards lead to an urban expansion and considerable additional welfare costs for certain emission goals, unaccounted for in the previous literature on welfare costs of CAFE. These welfare costs can be reduced roughly by one half through the combination of CAFE with an urban growth boundary. Fuel taxes, in turn, lead to an urban contraction and additional welfare gains. We analyze the sensitivity of the results to changes in model parameters. |
| Keywords: | Fuel economy standards, fuel tax, monocentric city, rebound effect |
| JEL: | H23 L90 Q48 R40 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ifowps:_292&r=all |
| By: | Konstantin A. Kholodilin (National Research University Higher School of Economics); Mariia A. Maksimova (National Research University Higher School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This study focuses on the ground transportation system and its impact on the rents in 30 of Russia’s largest cities. It also compares the effect with subway transit networks. The data set includes rent information from an all-Russia online advertisement website Avito and various measures of proximity to the public transit network stops (including subways for cities with them). The analysis is conducted using linear hedonic models. The results show that the ground transportation proximity is important for housing rent formation in both cities with and without subways, although the effect for subway stations is greater in comparison. Nevertheless, the benefits of a denser ground transportation system are high and stable, whereas the distance to the closest bus stop and the number within the walking distance are important solely for cities with a subway system and without it, respectively. |
| Keywords: | housing rent; public transit; subway; hedonic analysis; largest Russian cities. |
| JEL: | C43 O18 R38 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hig:wpaper:212/ec/2019&r=all |
| By: | Richard Pomfret |
| Abstract: | Rail links between China and Europe are typically analysed in the context of China’s Belt and Road Initiative, focusing on China’s economic rise and the implications for international relations. This paper argues that establishment of the China–Europe Land Bridge predated the Belt and Road Initiative and has been market-driven, as service-providers identified and responded to demand for efficient freight services along pre-existing railway lines. Governments’ role was trade facilitating, i.e. reducing delays and costs at border crossing points, rather than investing in hard infrastructure. Service-providers responded by linking European and Asian value chains (e.g. in automobiles and electronic goods) and reducing costs for traders shipping between China and Europe. The Eurasian Land Bridge provides a case study of ‘servicification’ as a component of increased trade in the 21st century. |
| Keywords: | Servicification, Belt and Road Initiative, Trade costs |
| JEL: | L92 O18 F14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2018-01&r=all |
| By: | Hulya Saygili; Kemal Turkcan |
| Abstract: | Developments in transportation technologies have facilitated and encouraged the international fragmentation of production by reducing transportation costs and ensuring that parts and components are delivered safely and timely within global production networks. The fact that the stages of the fragmented production processes have been placed in different distance and geographical locations created a demand for alternative modes of transportation. The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of fragmentation of production measured by parts and components trade on the choice of transportation mode including air, sea and road. By doing that, the paper attempts to account for the advantages/disadvantages of alternative transportation modes in short-medium-long distance trade. Using a detailed data set (HS-12 digit product level statistics for the 2000-2014 period and 188 countries) of Turkey’s machinery exports, we show that fragmentation of production plays a significant role in the selection of transportation mode. In particular, road transportation with good infrastructure is a significant trade facilitating mode of transportation to nearby trade partners, when trade involves P&C and light products. |
| Keywords: | Mode of transportation, Fragmentation of production, Global production networks, International trade, Turkey |
| JEL: | J21 J24 H56 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:wpaper:1813&r=all |
| By: | Andrea Salustri (Università Sapienza di Roma - Dipartimento di Studi Giuridici, Filosofici ed Economici) |
| Abstract: | The research presented in this paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the public vs private ownership by re-examining the case of Rome’s local public transport (LPT) system. After having illustrated the main reasons that led Roman citizens to ask for a referendum, the research provides a brief historical overview of Rome’s LPT system and discusses the main stylized facts presented in the institutional literature surveyed. Finally, the summary statistics are built using publicly available data. The results of the analysis highlight how ATAC’s inefficiency is only partially endogenous, as the “imported†territorial inefficiency is not negligible. This issue deserves more attention as, even if liberalization might enter a new “golden age†, the existence of structural inefficiencies might reduce the margins needed to convince private providers to enter the market, at least in those production segments more related to public interests. |
| Keywords: | Local Public Transport, public vs private ownership, structural inefficiency |
| JEL: | R41 L43 |
| Date: | 2019–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gfe:pfrp00:00037&r=all |
| By: | Demet Yilmazkuday (Department of Economics, Florida International University); Hakan Yilmazkuday (Department of Economics, Florida International University) |
| Abstract: | Consumers face significantly different gasoline prices across gas stations. Using gasoline price data obtained from 98,753 gas stations within the U.S., it is shown that such differences can be explained by a model utilizing the gasoline demand of consumers depending on their income and commuting istance/time, where the pricing strategies of both gas stations and refiners are taken into account. The corresponding welfare analysis shows that there are significant redistributive effects of gasoline price changes among consumers, where the welfare costs of an increase in gasoline prices are found to be higher for lower income consumers. |
| Keywords: | Gasoline Prices, Gas-Station Level Analysis, United States |
| JEL: | L11 L81 Q41 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fiu:wpaper:1807&r=all |
| By: | Roberto Bonfatti; Yuan Gu; Steven Poelhekke |
| Abstract: | Africa’s interior-to-coast roads are well suited to export natural resources, but not to support regional trade. Are they the optimal response to geography and comparative advantage, or the result of suboptimal political distortions? We investigate the political determinants of road paving in West Africa across the 1965-2012 period. Controlling for geography and the endogeneity of democratization, we show that autocracies tend to connect natural resource deposits to ports, while the networks expanded in a less interior-to-coast way in periods of democracy. This result suggests that Africa’s interior-to-coast roads are at least in part the result of suboptimal political distortions. |
| Keywords: | political economy, democracy, infrastructure, natural resources, development |
| JEL: | P16 P26 D72 H54 O18 Q32 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_7478&r=all |
| By: | Teresa Estañ (Centro de Investigación Operativa (CIO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche.); Natividad Llorca (Centro de Investigación Operativa (CIO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche.); Ricardo Martínez (Department of Economic Theory and Economic History, University of Granada.); Joaquín Sánchez-Soriano (Centro de Investigación Operativa (CIO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche..) |
| Abstract: | In this study, we consider different cities located along a tram line. Each city may have one or several stations and information is available about the flow of passengers between any pair of stations. A fixed cost (salaries of the executive staff, repair facilities, or fixed taxes) must be divided among the cities. This cost is independent of the number of passengers and the length of the line. We propose a mathematical model to identify suitable mechanisms for sharing the fixed cost. In the proposed model, we propose, and characterize axiomatically, three rules, which include the uniform split, the proportional allocation and a intermediate situation. The analyzed axioms represent the basic requirements for fairness and elemental properties of stability. |
| Keywords: | axiom, cost game, cost sharing, fairness, transport networks. |
| Date: | 2019–02–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gra:wpaper:19/03&r=all |
| By: | Shenle Pan (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Damien Trentesaux (LAMIH - Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines - UMR 8201 - UPHF - Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Eric Ballot (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); George Q. Huang (HKU - The University of Hong Kong) |
| Abstract: | Horizontal collaboration has been considered as effective practice for sustainable logistics and freight transport and it has gained increased attention in recent years. This paper aims to provide a survey of the development of horizontal collaborative transport (HCT) over the past ten years, to identify research trends and gaps, then to propose some research opportunities. The paper also aims to provide guidelines to logistics companies who wish to embark on HCT, to help them choose which HCT solution to implement. To provide a comprehensive and structured review, the paper follows the methodology in the literature. A total of 120 scientific papers published between 2007 and 2017 were reviewed. A survey framework based on two axes-HCT solutions and implementation issues-is developed to analyse and position the papers. The results show that, regarding HCT solutions, carrier alliance and flow controller collaboration were the most frequently studied. But recent innovative solutions such as pooling and physical internet are also gaining increased attention. Regarding implementation issues, the focus of the literature has been on the development of decision-making models, including transport planning, lane exchange, and gain sharing. Conversely, managerial and technological issues have received less attention. |
| Keywords: | Solutions and Practical Implementation issues,Survey,Horizontal Collaboration,Freight Transport,Sustainability |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02008934&r=all |
| By: | Mark Thissen (PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency); Olga Ivanova (PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency); Giovanni Mandras (European Commission - JRC); Trond Husby (PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency) |
| Abstract: | Economic development is interregional in nature, with economic growth being determined by physical and technological proximity identified by interregional and national cross-border interactions in trade, investments, and knowledge. This report explains the construction of a system of multiregional input-output tables for the EU28 interlinked with trade in goods and services within the same country as well as with regions in other Member States. Taking transhipment locations into account, trade in goods and services is derived from freight transport data, airline data on flights, and business travel data. The methodology is centred on the probability of trade flows and was developed to fit the information available without pre-imposing any geographical structure on the data. |
| Keywords: | rhomolo, region, growth, NUTS 2 regions, national accounts, Supply/Use tables, Input–output tables, inter-regional trade |
| JEL: | C67 C82 D57 R15 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:termod:201901&r=all |