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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Raphaël Homayoun Boroumand (City University London); Stéphane Goutte (LED - Université Paris 8); Thomas Péran (Paris School of Business); Thomas Porcher (ESG Research Lab - ESG Management School) |
| Abstract: | This paper seeks to pattern a non-driven geographical classication of French departmental territorial units based on both mobility behavior and passenger car eet composition. With no mathematical regression analysis but applying datamining methodology to behavior, consumption and geography variables, we have grouped French territorial units into 8 clusters with similar characteristics. The main results reveal that commuters' behavior with respect to the choice of transport mode varies substantially across clusters (rural and highly rural, urban and highly urban clusters, ...). Conversely, the structure of the French vehicle eet and French car purchases in terms of engines, tax horsepower and CO2 emissions are similar. this nding should enable state organizations to implement dierentiated public policies for environmental and industrial sectors. Alternatively, our paper should help industrial groups to better deploy their economic strategies in line with environmental concerns. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions,Datamining,Cluster,Worker mobility,Passenger cars,France |
| Date: | 2019–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01968001&r=all |
| By: | Ensslen, Axel; Gnann, Till; Jochem, Patrick; Plötz, Patrick; Dütschke, Elisabeth; Fichtner, Wolf |
| Abstract: | Plug-in electric vehicles are seen as a promising option to reduce oil dependency, greenhouse gas emissions, particulate matter pollution, nitrogen oxide emissions and noise caused by individual road transportation. But how is it possible to foster diffusion of plug-in electric vehicles? Our research focuses on the question whether e-mobility product service systems (i.e. plug-in electric vehicles, interconnected charging infrastructure as well as charging platform and additional services) are supportive to plug-in electric vehicle adoption in professional environments. Our user oriented techno-economic analysis of costs and benefits is based on empirical data originating from 109 organizational fleets participating in a field trial in south-west Germany with in total 327 plug-in electric vehicles and 181 charging points. The results show that organizations indicate a high willingness to pay for e-mobility product service systems. Organizations encounter non-monetary benefits, which on average overcompensate the current higher total cost of ownership of plug-in electric vehicles compared to internal combustion engine vehicles. However, the willingness to pay for e-mobility charging infrastructure and services alone is currently not sufficient to cover corresponding actual costs. The paper relates the interconnected charging infrastructure solutions under study to the development of the internet of things and smarter cities and draws implications on this development. |
| Keywords: | Electric mobility; electric vehicle; Smart city; Platform service; Business model; Product service system |
| JEL: | O33 R42 |
| Date: | 2018–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:91402&r=all |
| By: | Wolfgang Kerber |
| Abstract: | Through the application of the technological solution of the “extended vehicle” concept the car manufacturers can capture exclusive control of the data of connected cars leading to serious concerns about negative effects on competition, innovation and consumer choice on the markets for aftermarket and other complementary services in the ecosystem of connected and automated driving. Therefore a controversial policy discussion has emerged in the EU about access to in-vehicle data and the connected car for independent service providers in the automotive industry. This paper claims that this problem should be seen as part of the general question of the optimal governance of data in the ecosystem of connected and automated mobility. The paper offers an overview about this policy discussion and analyzes this problem from an economic perspective by using a market failure analysis. Besides competition problems (esp. on markets for aftermarket and other services in the connected car) also market failures in regard to technological choice (extended vehicle vs. interoperable on-board application platform) and information and privacy problems (“notice and consent” solutions) can emerge, leading to the question of appropriate regulatory solutions. The paper discusses solutions through data portability, data rights, competition law, and recommends a sector-specific regulatory approach. |
| Keywords: | data governance, connected cars, data economy, data access |
| JEL: | K23 L62 L86 O33 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:201840&r=all |
| By: | Lucia Cerasela Balan (Faculty of Economic Sciences and Public Administration, Romania) |
| Abstract: | Like any on-the-spot investigation, which also applies to criminal offenses, and in the case of the on-site investigation where the road accident occurred, we distinguish two stages: the static and the dynamic stages. With the examination of the place of the deed, especially in this situation, there is an interpenetration between the static phase and the dynamic phase, the methods specific to each phase are often performed at the same time. The intersection of the two phases is the consequence of the many situations that can be found in the road accident, such as: both the vehicle and the driver have remained on site or have recovered; the vehicle is abandoned by the driver on site; the driver responsible for the road accident has left the scene of the accident with the vehicle; the driver left the accident site by abandoning the vehicle involved; the victim leaves the scene of the accident. |
| Keywords: | impact, photo, road accident, traces |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:jpaper:026lb&r=all |
| By: | Konrad Steiner (A.T. Kearney GmbH, Johannes Gutenberg University) |
| Abstract: | This work addresses line planning for inter-city bus networks, which requires a high level of integration with other planning steps. One key reason is given by passengers choosing a speci?c timetabled service rather than just a line, as is typically the case in urban transportation. Schedule-based modeling approaches are required to incorporate this aspect, i.e., demand is assigned to a speci?c timetabled service. Furthermore, in liberalized markets, there is usually ?erce competition within and across modes. This encourages considering dynamic demand, i.e., not relying on static demand values, but adjusting them based on the trip characteristics. We provide a schedule-based mixed-integer model formulation allowing a bus operator to optimize multiple timetabled services in a travel corridor with simultaneous decisions on both departure time and which stations to serve. The demand behaves dynamically with respect to departure time, trip duration, trip frequency, and cannibalization. To solve this new problem formulation, we introduce a large multiple neighborhood search (LMNS) as an overall metaheuristic approach, together with multiple variations including matheuristics. Applying the LMNS algorithm, we solve instances based on real-world data from the German market. Computation times are attractive and the high quality of the solutions is con?rmed by analyzing examples with known optimal solutions. Moreover, we show that the explicit consideration of the dependencies between the di?erent timetabled services often produces insightful new results that di?er from approaches which only focus on a single service. |
| Keywords: | integration, schedule-based modeling, inter-city bus transportation, dynamic demand, large multiple neighborhood search LMNS |
| Date: | 2018–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jgu:wpaper:1902&r=all |
| By: | Yang Yang |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of highway expansion on aggregate productivity growth and sectoral reallocation between cities in China. To do so, I construct a unique dataset of bilateral transportation costs between Chinese cities, digitized highway network maps, and firm-level census. I first derive and estimate a market access measure that summarizes all direct and indirect impact of trade costs on city productivity. I then construct an instrumental variable to examine the causal impact of highways on economic outcomes and the underlying channels. The results suggest that highways promoted aggregate productivity growth by facilitating firm entry, exit and reallocation. I also find evidence that the national highway system led to a sectoral reallocation between cities in China. |
| Date: | 2018–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:18/276&r=all |
| By: | Y. Wang (Ying); Z. Shang (Zheming); Huisman, D.; D'Ariano, A.; J.C. Zhang (Jinchuan) |
| Abstract: | The crew scheduling problem is an important and difficult problem in railway crew management. In this paper, we focus on the railway crew scheduling problem with time window constraints caused by meal break rules. To solve this optimization problem, a solution method is proposed based on a time-space-state network and Lagrangian relaxation. In this method, the "hard constraints" corresponding to the crew rules are described as the state of vertices in the time-space-state network. Based on the network, this problem is modeled as a network flow model, referred to as an initial model. To break the symmetry and improve the strength of the formulation, five valid inequalities are added. To solve the problem, we relax the coupling constraints by Lagrangian relaxation. The resulting subproblems are shortest path problems in the time-space-state networks. We propose a Lagrangian heuristic to find a feasible solution. Finally, the solution method is tested on real-world instances from an intercity rail line and a regional railway network in China. We discuss the effects of additional valid inequalities and the effects of different length of meal time windows. |
| Keywords: | Scheduling, Meal time window, Time-space-state network, Lagrangian relaxation |
| Date: | 2018–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ems:eureir:114114&r=all |
| By: | Timo Hintsch (Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz) |
| Abstract: | The soft-clustered vehicle-routing problem (SoftCluVRP) is a variant of the classical capacitated vehiclerouting problem. Customers are partitioned into clusters and all customers of the same cluster must be served by the same vehicle. In this paper, we present a large multiple neighborhood search for the SoftCluVRP. We design and analyze multiple cluster destroy and repair operators as well as two post-optimization components, which are both based on variable neighborhood descent. The first allows inter-route exchanges of complete clusters, while the second searches for intra-route improvements by combining classical neighborhoods (2- opt, Or-Opt, double-bridge) and the Balas-Simonetti neighborhood. Computational experiments show that our algorithm clearly outperforms the only existing heuristic approach from the literature. By solving benchmark instances, we provide 130 new best solutions for 220 medium-sized instances with up to 483 customers and prove 12 of them to be optimal. |
| Keywords: | Vehicle Routing, Clustered Vehicle Routing, Large neighborhood search |
| JEL: | C91 C92 D03 D91 |
| Date: | 2019–01–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jgu:wpaper:1904&r=all |
| By: | Quentin David (Université de Lille); Matteo Del Fabbro (Centre d'études européennes et de politique comparée); Paul Vertier (Département d'économie) |
| Abstract: | L’objectif de cette étude est de réaliser une revue de la littérature sur les effets qu’il faut attendre de la mise en oeuvre d’une mesure de gratuité généralisée des transports en commun sur la pression automobile dans l’agglomération parisienne. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons croisé les regards que l’économie et la sociologie ont pu porter sur le sujet. Nous avons commencé par revenir sur les raisons pour lesquelles il est important d’inciter à l’utilisation des transports en commun. Premièrement, nous soulignons l’importance de réduire la pression automobile dans les villes en discutant les principales externalités qu’elle génère. Deuxièmement, nous présentons l’incidence de l’utilisation des transports en commun sur ces externalités. Nous mettons en évidence que l’utilisation des transports en commun réduit la congestion et la pollution de l’air, augmente l’activité économique et peut atténuer les décalages spatiaux. Nous avons ensuite réalisé une méta-analyse de la littérature traitant de la gratuité des transports en commun. Nous avons listé, de manière systématique, les articles sur le sujet, ce qui nous a permis d’identifier quelques 478 articles. Parmi ces articles, seuls 10 articles scientifiques traitent de la gratuité totale et 17 de la gratuité partielle. Cette démarche nous a aussi permis d’identifier 23 rapports (non-scientifiques) sur les politiques de tarification des transports que nous avons classés comme de la littérature « grise ». Ces travaux sont essentiellement mobilisés pour la dernière partie du rapport, afin rendre compte des effets observés des expériences de gratuité menées dans d’autres villes à travers le monde. Le principal enseignement de cette méta-analyse est l’absence de cadre de réflexion cohérent et unifié sur cette question. Nous sommes donc revenus sur les enseignements qui découlent des théories établies de l’économie des transports. Cette littérature ne traite généralement pas directement de la question de la gratuité des transports, mais permet d’étudier les effets d’une telle politique dans un cadre d’analyse cohérent et bien établi. |
| Keywords: | transport en commun; gratuité; tarification |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/5mq2s8mv9l9228rf1rhsu48492&r=all |
| By: | Bent Flyvbjerg; Alexander Budzier |
| Abstract: | This report was commissioned by the Commission of Inquiry Respecting the Muskrat Falls Project to provide the national and international context in which the Muskrat Falls Project took place. The Commission asked for the report to cover three specific topics of questions: (1) What is the national and international context of the Muskrat Falls Project with regards to cost overrun and schedule overrun? (What are the typical cost and schedule overruns of hydro-electric dam projects? How do hydro-electric dams compare to other capital investment projects? How do Canadian projects compare to other countries?), (2) What are the causes and root causes of cost and schedule overruns? (3) What are recommendations, based on international experience and research into capital investment projects, to prevent cost and schedule overruns in hydro-electric dam projects and other capital investment projects? Keywords: Hydroelectric Dams, Megaprojects, Cost Overrun, Schedule Overrun, Optimism Bias, Strategic Misrepresentation, Infrastructure, Capital Investment Projects, Canada, Muskrat Falls |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1901.03698&r=all |
| By: | Sylvain Petit (UPF - Université Polynésienne Française); Florent Venayre (GDI - Gouvernance et développement insulaire - UPF - Université de la Polynésie Française) |
| Abstract: | French Bee and United Airlines access agreements to Polynesia could have an impact not only on the competitive structure of the market but also on the local tourism sectors at large, on the short and long term. In addition to the challenge of adapting to international competition, the Polynesian tourism trade must also face a new situation due to a potential 50 % increase of passenger capacity. In such a fragile economic context, the APC Polynesian Competition Authority published a notice on the given area, following its own initiative taken two years before. Even though one can deplore the lack of thoroughness of some of the analyses, their view does not fundamentally question the functioning of the sector. However, the corporate communication accompanying the notice publication raised a number of misunderstandings. The communiqué implied that the two companies already operating were organizing the scarcity of seats supply in order to increase their prices, which caused a significant commercial prejudice to Air Tahiti Nui (ATN) and Air France with regard to their image at the very moment they have to face a new and intense competition. Successive APC declarations, offensive and awkward more often than once, have generated a fierce controversy. Putting aside questions raised by the lack of rigour of analysis, one can seriously doubt that the situation has helped in any way either free competition in the sector, or the consumer, or the still weak but important tourism ecosystem. The objective of this paper is to illustrate to what extent APC, being an independent administrative authority, ought to be rigorous in providing opinions, act responsibly and give clear and sound information when dealing with mechanisms controlling and regulating the markets especially when they are so vital to the overall economic life of the territory. |
| Abstract: | L'arrivée des compagnies aériennes French Bee et United Airlines, pour desservir la destination de la Polynésie française, va certainement modifier la structure concurrentielle du secteur de l'aérien international mais aussi toute la filière touristique locale sur le court et le long terme. Alors que le produit touristique polynésien semble difficilement s'adapter à la concurrence internationale, il doit aussi composer avec une nouvelle situation correspondant à un accroissement potentiel de 50 % des capacités de l'offre de sièges d'avions. C'est dans ce contexte économique fragile que l'Autorité polynésienne de la concurrence (APC) a publié un avis sur ce secteur, suite à une autosaisine décidée deux ans plus tôt. Même si l'on peut y déplorer certaines analyses peu rigoureuses, cet avis ne remet pas fondamentalement en question le fonctionnement du secteur. En revanche, la communication de l'APC qui a accompagné la publication de l'avis soulève de nombreuses incompréhensions. En laissant entendre que les deux compagnies déjà en place organisaient la rareté de l'offre des sièges d'avion afin d'augmenter les prix, la communication de l'APC est à l'origine d'un préjudice majeur en termes d'image pour Air Tahiti Nui (ATN) et Air France, et alors même qu'elles doivent faire face à une nouvelle et intense concurrence en parallèle. Les déclarations successives de l'APC, souvent offensives et maladroites, ont ainsi suscité une vive polémique. Au-delà des questions posées quant à la rigueur de l'analyse, il n'est pas certain que les événements aient rendu service à la libre concurrence sur ce secteur, au consommateur, ou encore au fragile et important écosystème économique qu'est le tourisme. Cet article se propose de revenir en détail sur cette polémique, ses enjeux et ses effets pervers, afin d'illustrer la nécessité, pour une autorité administrative indépendante de l'importance de l'APC, de faire preuve de rigueur, de responsabilité et de pédagogie lorsqu'elle aborde des problématiques de régulation de marchés aussi fondamentaux pour l'économie générale du territoire. |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01962939&r=all |
| By: | André De Palma (ENS Cachan - École normale supérieure - Cachan); Yorgos Papageorgiou (McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario]); Jacques-François Thisse (CORE - Center of Operation Research and Econometrics [Louvain] - UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain); Philip Ushchev (CORE - Center of Operation Research and Econometrics [Louvain] - UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain) |
| Abstract: | We provide a bare-bones framework that uncovers the circumstances which lead either to the emergence of equally-spaced and equally-sized central places or to a hierarchy of central places. We show how these patterns re ‡ect the preferences of agents and the e¢ ciency of transportation and communication technologies. With one population of homogeneous individuals, the economy is characterized by a uniform distribution or by a periodic distribution of central places having the same size. The interaction between two distinct populations may give rise to a hierarchy of central places with one or several primate cities. |
| Keywords: | central place,spatial externality,congestion,urban hierarchy,R14 |
| Date: | 2018–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01962246&r=all |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Transport - Roads & Highways Transport - Transport and Trade Logistics Transport - Railways Transport Transport - Ports and Waterways Transport - Transport Economics Policy & Planning |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:30912&r=all |
| By: | Mbanda, Vandudzai; Bonga-Bonga, Lumengo |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the factors that contribute to underspending of the capital budget at the local government level by making use of a nonlinear model based on the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model. South Africa is used as a case study. Capital transfer is identified as an important threshold variable in that the degree to which municipalities spend their capital budget depends on a threshold determined by capital transfer. The results of the empirical analysis show that large amounts of capital transfers to local government contribute to underspending by municipalities in South Africa. Moreover, the results indicate that capital budget spending could be improved by ensuring that the trade-off between the current budget and capital budget is reduced, increasing the fiscal capacity of municipalities, which gives them financial autonomy to raise their own revenues. |
| Keywords: | capital spending, municipalities, capital transfer, nonlinear model |
| JEL: | C50 H72 H77 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:91499&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Transport - Railroads Public Sector Development - State Owned Enterprise Reform Transport - Transport Economics Policy & Planning Infrastructure Economics and Finance - Private Participation in Infrastructure Urban Development - Transport in Urban Areas |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:30734&r=all |