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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Martinez, Daniel (Inter-American Development Bank); Mitnik, Oscar A. (Inter-American Development Bank); Salgado, Edgar (Inter-American Development Bank); Scholl, Lynn (Inter-American Development Bank); Yanez-Pagans, Patricia (IDB Invest) |
| Abstract: | Limited access to safe transportation is one of the greatest challenges to labor force participation faced by women in developing countries. This paper quantifies the causal impacts of improved urban transport systems in women´s employment outcomes, looking at Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and elevated light rail investments in the metropolitan region of Lima, Perú. We find large gains in employment and earnings per hour among women, and not for men, due to these investments. Most of the gains arise on the extensive margin, with more women being employed, but employment does not appear to be of higher quality than that for comparison groups. We find also evidence of an increase in the use of public transport. Results are robust to alternative specifications and we do not find evidence that they are driven by neighborhood composition changes. Overall, these findings suggest that infrastructure investments that make it more convenient and safer for women to use public transport can generate important labor market impacts for women who reside in the area of influence of the improved infrastructure. |
| Keywords: | urban transport, gender, employment, impact evaluation |
| JEL: | J01 J16 O12 R40 |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp12020&r=all |
| By: | Kathrin Goldmann (Institute of Transport Economics, Muenster); Gernot Sieg (Institute of Transport Economics, Muenster) |
| Abstract: | Traffic jams occur even without bottlenecks, simply because of interaction of vehicles on the road. From a driver's point of view, the instability of the traffic flow arises stochastically. Because the probability of a traffic jam increases with the number of cars on the road, there is a traffic flow breakdown externality. This paper offers a method to calculate this externality for traffic on a circuit. Ignoring the stochastic nature of traffic flow breakdowns results in congestion charges that are too small. |
| Keywords: | Hypercongestion, congestion costs, circuit, stochastic capacity, external costs, congestion charge, traffic experiments |
| JEL: | L91 R41 |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mut:wpaper:26&r=all |
| By: | Mitnik, Oscar A. (Inter-American Development Bank); Sanchez, Raul (IDB Invest); Yanez-Pagans, Patricia (IDB Invest) |
| Abstract: | This paper quantifies the impacts of transport infrastructure investments on economic activity in Haiti, using satellite night-light luminosity as a proxy measure. Our identification strategy exploits the differential timing of rehabilitation projects across various road segments of the primary road network. We combine multiple sources of non-traditional data and carefully address concerns related to unobserved heterogeneity. The results obtained across multiple specifications consistently indicate that receiving a road rehabilitation project leads to an increase in luminosity values of between 6% and 26% at the communal section level. Taking into account the national level elasticity between luminosity values and GDP, we approximate that these interventions translate into communal section-GDP increases of between 0.5% and 2.1%, for communal sections benefited by a transport infrastructure project. We observe temporal and spatial variation in results, and crucially that the larger impacts appear once projects are completed and are concentrated within 2 km buffers around the intervened roads. Neither the richest or the poorest communities reap the benefits from road improvements, with gains accruing to those in the middle of the ranking of communal sections, based on unsatisfied basic needs. Our findings provide novel evidence on the role of transport investments in promoting economic activity in developing countries. |
| Keywords: | Haiti, night-time luminosity, road investments |
| JEL: | O1 O47 R4 D04 |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp12018&r=all |
| By: | Paolo Delle Site; Karim Kilani (LIRSA - Laboratoire interdisciplinaire de recherche en sciences de l'action - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM]); Valerio Gatta; Edoardo Marcucci; André De Palma (ENS Cachan - École normale supérieure - Cachan) |
| Abstract: | The paper considers models for best, worst and best-worst choice probabilities, that use a single common set of random utilities. Choice probabilities are derived for two distributions of the random terms: i.i.d. extreme value, i.e. Logit, and multivariate normal, i.e. Probit. In Logit, best, worst and best-worst choice probabilities have a closed form. In Probit, worst choice probabilities are simply obtained from best choice probabilities by changing the sign of the systematic utilities. Strict log-concavity of the likelihood, with respect to the coefficients of the systematic utilities, holds, under a mild necessary and sufficient condition of absence of perfect multicollinearity in the matrix of alternative and individual characteristics, for best, worst and best-worst choice probabilities in Logit, and for best and worst choice probabilities in Probit. The assumption of substitutability between best and worst choices is tested with data on mode choice, collected for the assessment of user responses to urban congestion charging policies. The numerical results suggest significantly different preferences between best and worst choices, even accounting for scale differences, in both Logit and Probit models. Worst choice data exhibit coefficient attenuation, less pronounced in Probit than in Logit, and higher mean values of travel time savings with larger confidence intervals. |
| Keywords: | Logit,Probit,Congestion charge,Strict log-concavity,Random utility model,Best-worst choices |
| Date: | 2018–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01953581&r=all |
| By: | Scholl, Lynn (Inter-American Development Bank); Martinez, Daniel (Inter-American Development Bank); Mitnik, Oscar A. (Inter-American Development Bank); Oviedo, Daniel (University College London); Yanez-Pagans, Patricia (IDB Invest) |
| Abstract: | Despite the growing interest in and proliferation of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems around the world, their causal impacts on labor market outcomes remain unexplored. Reduced travel times for those who live near BRT stations or near feeder lines, may increase access to a wider array of job opportunities, potentially leading to increased rates of employment, access to higher quality (or formal) jobs, and increased labor hours and earnings. This paper assesses the effects of the Metropolitano, the BRT system in Lima (Peru), on individual-level job market outcomes. We rely on a difference-in-differences empirical strategy, based on comparing individuals who live close to the BRT system with a comparison group that lives farther from the system, before and after the system started to operate. We find large impacts on employment, hours worked and labor earnings for those individuals close to the BRT stations, but not for those who live close to the feeder lines. Despite the potential to connect poor populations, we find no evidence of impacts for populations living in lower income areas. |
| Keywords: | Bus Rapid Transit, employment, impact evaluation |
| JEL: | J01 J21 O12 R40 |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp12019&r=all |
| By: | Daniel Erhel (IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc); Richard Calvi (IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc) |
| Abstract: | In our training and consulting practices, we note an increasing interest in purchasing functions for logistics services (PSL) and a growing complexity of the connected supply market. Purchasing segmentations used for PSLs do not fit these developments. We propose building a typology of the service offer by crossing the nature of the activities, the actors and the informational supports. We will rely on a literature review and our experience. The typology will be confronted with a literature review of the main articles in the journal Logistics & Management on this topic. This typology, its specificity and its managerial contribution will be discussed. |
| Abstract: | Dans nos pratiques de formateur et de consultant, nous constatons un accroissement de l'intérêt des fonctions achats pour les prestations logistiques (PL) et une complexification croissante du marché de l'offre. Les segmentations des achats utilisées pour les PL collent peu à ces évolutions. Nous proposons de construire une typologie de l'offre de service en croisant la nature des activités, les acteurs et les supports informationnels. Nous nous appuierons sur une revue de littérature et notre expérience. Cette typologie, sa spécificité et son apport managérial seront discutés. |
| Keywords: | Third-party logistics,transport,warehousing,information system,purchasing,Prestation logistique,entreposage,système d'information,achat |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01958530&r=all |
| By: | Keith Head; Thierry Mayer |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the role of country-variety comparative advantage in the decision to offshore assembly of more than 2000 models of 197 car brands headquartered in 23 countries. While offshoring in the car industry has risen from 2000 to 2016, the top five offshoring brands account for half the car assembly relocated to low-wage countries. We show that the decision to offshore a particular car model depends on two types of cost (dis)advantage of the home country relative to foreign locations. The first type, the assembly costs common to all models, is estimated via a structural triadic gravity equation. The second effect, model-level comparative advantage, is an interaction between proxies for the model's skill and capital intensity and headquarter country's abundance in these factors. |
| Keywords: | FDI;Gravity;Offshoring |
| JEL: | F1 |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cii:cepidt:2018-22&r=all |
| By: | Paola Bertoli; Veronica Grembi |
| Abstract: | Road traffic accidents often mean lost productivity and medical expenditures. We explain trends in traffic accidents as a function of the political cycle using municipal data from Italy. We show that during municipal election years, the accident rate increases by 2.2%, with a 2.5% increase in the injury rate but no effect on the fatality rate. The effects are stronger in the two quarters prior the quarter in which the election is held, when the electoral campaign is intense, and in the second quarter after the election, when the elected mayor takes office. We argue that this is the result of a decrease in ticket rates during election years, as the expenditures on traffic police increase. Our results are robustly driven by the municipal political cycle defined in different ways, and their magnitude and direction are not explained by spillover effects between municipalities. Proximity to a national police station reduces the impact of local elections on injury rates. |
| Keywords: | road traffic accidents; political cycle; municipalities; elections; |
| JEL: | H70 H75 D72 |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cer:papers:wp633&r=all |
| By: | Lim, Chulmin |
| Abstract: | This study aimed to suggest the standards of evaluating car navigation app by examining and categorizing app's attributes. This study suggested four main criteria for app evaluation model; Functionality, Usability, Networking ability and Additional features and three sub-criteria belonging each main criterion. Also, the study conducted comparing each attribute and evaluating navigation apps competing in Korean market based on suggested criteria. As a result of this study, users put high weights on functionality, and the additional feature was least considered from users when they select car navigation app. Also, usability and networking ability show similar level of importance. |
| Keywords: | Car navigation app,AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process),Korean car navigation market |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itsb18:190404&r=all |
| By: | Michael Baltensperger; Uri Dadush |
| Abstract: | China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an international trade and development strategy. Launched in 2013, it is one of the ways China asserts its role in world affairs and captures the opportunities of globalisation. The BRI has the potential to enhance development prospects across the world and in China, but that potential might not be realised because the BRI’s objectives are too broad and ill-defined, and its execution is too often non-transparent, lacking in due diligence and uncoordinated. This Policy Contribution recounts the background of the BRI and its context, what is known about the extent of the initiative and the intentions behind it. The initiative could address very large infrastructure investments gaps, which is welcome and needed. China’s goal of forging stronger links with its trading partners around the world is legitimate assuming, of course, the underlying intent remains peaceful. Though many observers welcome the BRI, many others oppose it for good reasons, while others misunderstand it and oppose it for bad reasons. We identify and discuss concerns about the initiative that relate to its geopolitical objectives, its priorities, its geographic scope, the role of state-owned enterprises, the allocation of resources and issues of transparency and of due diligence. In particular, we show that this initiative deals with a vast number of countries that are at very different states of development, and that an apparent lack of well-defined priorities holds the initiative back. We also highlight the issue of debt overload which is distressing several BRI countries and discourages further projects. There are improvements that China and other stakeholders in the BRI could make to get the most from their investments. The BRI, to be effective, needs to meet the basic conditions of a trade and development strategy, which are clear objectives, adequate resources, selectivity, a workable implementation plan, due diligence and clear communication. Involvement of multilateral lenders could help with this. Finally, China must improve the evaluation of the risks and costs of BRI projects and step up its approach to due diligence to demonstrate that it respects the long-term interests of those countries that are at the receiving end of its BRI projects. |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:polcon:29024&r=all |
| By: | Hoogervorst, R.; Dollevoet, T.A.B.; Maróti, G.; Huisman, D. |
| Abstract: | Delays are a major nuisance to railway passengers. The extent to which a delay propagates, and thus aects the passengers, is in uenced by the assignment of rolling stock. We propose to reschedule the rolling stock in such a way that the passenger delay is minimized and such that objectives on passenger comfort and operational eciency are taken into account. We refer to this problem as the Passenger Delay Reduction Problem (PDRP).We propose two models for this problem, which are based on two dominant streams of literature for the traditional Rolling Stock Rescheduling Problem. The rst model is an arc formulation of the problem, while the second model is a path formulation. We test the eectiveness of these models on instances of Netherlands Railways (NS). The results show that the rescheduling of rolling stock can signicantly decrease the passenger delays in the system. Especially allowing exibility in the assignment of rolling stock at terminal stations turns out to be eective in reducing the delays. Moreover, we show that the arc formulation based model performs best in nding high-quality solutions within the limited time that is available in the rescheduling phase. |
| Keywords: | Rolling Stock Rescheduling, Disruption Management, Railway Optimization, Column Generation |
| Date: | 2019–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ems:eureir:113842&r=all |