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on Transport Economics |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | The success of Mexico City’s New International Airport will depend not least on the quality of access to the airport on the ground. This report reviews policies and planning controls for surface access at a selection of comparable airports in cities of OECD countries. It offers input for the Mexican Federal Government’s plans for infrastructure investments that will serve passengers, the airport workforce and the public by ensuring convenient, reliable airport journeys; supporting business travel for a productive Mexican economy; and by maintaining within acceptable bounds the airport’s impact on road congestion and related air pollution.This report was prepared in collaboration with the OECD’s Directorate for Public Governance. |
| Date: | 2018–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:60-en&r=tre |
| By: | Paras Kharel (South Asia Watch on Trade, Economics and Environment) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses changes in Nepal"\u0027"s trade with China in the wake of the 2015 earthquake, which was followed by a blockade of the Nepal-India border. Using monthly trade data to obtain trade flows over subperiods of less than a year, it first shows how the blockade compounded the earthquake"\u0027"s blow to trade. It, then, dissects Nepal-China trade performance and patterns at the product level, customs point/route level and product-customs point/route level. With Tatopani-Zhangmu, the main commercial trading point on the Nepal-China border, shut after the earthquake and Rasuwagadhi-Kerung, a recently opened trading point with a barely motorable road, unable to fully absorb the diverted trade traffic, portions of Nepal"\u0027"s overland imports from China were forced to take a costly detour via sea. The share of overland imports from China fell from 24 per cent before the earthquake to 12 per cent two years after the quake. There was a general shift towards using both sea and air routes rather than just a single route for imports. The time cost imposed by the enforced sea detour for imports is equivalent to a tariff of 18 per cent to 62 per cent. The share of overland exports to China fell from 69 per cent to 43 per cent. While changes in routes were stark for imports, they were modest for exports that initially used Tatopani. The limited route changes for exports occurred overwhelmingly towards the air route rather than the sea route. The relative importanceof exports to China via air has increased, but total exports to China, as of the end of Fiscal Year 2016/17, were yet to be restored to pre-earthquake levels. The paper discusses likely issues in the future of NepalChina trade through the lens of transport and transit, including the emergence of the Rasuwagadhi-Kerung option. As a landlocked country, Nepal"\u0027"s strategy should be to diversify trade and transit routes, exploring all options. The temptation to make a cost-benefit analysis comparing trade costs along different routes, without factoring in the value of transit needs, must be avoided. |
| Keywords: | Nepal-China trade, Nepal-India relations, Nepal earthquake, Nepal-India border blockade, trade costs, transit, Tatopani-Zhangmu, Rasuwagadhi-Kerung, Nepal-China railway |
| JEL: | F13 F14 F15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:saw:wpaper:wp/18/02&r=tre |
| By: | Antoine Beyer (University of Cergy-Pontoise) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the opportunities and challenges of integrating inland waterways into transport corridors. Less than a fifth of the world’s 623 000 kilometres of navigable inland waterways is currently used for freight transport. Although river transport has expanded in some countries, it is actually declining in others due to lagging investments or co-ordination. At the same time, urban development is encroaching on inland ports, reducing the space for logistics activities in many river ports, creating challenges for policy makers. |
| Date: | 2018–10–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/21-en&r=tre |
| By: | Donna, Javier D. |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a structural model of urban travel to estimate long-run price elasticities. A dynamic discrete choice demand model with switching costs is estimated, using a panel dataset with public market-level data on automobile and public transit use for Chicago. The estimated model shows that long-run own- (automobile) and cross- (transit) price elasticities are more elastic than short-run elasticities, and that elasticity estimates from static and myopic models are downward biased. The estimated model is used to evaluate the response to a gasoline tax. Static and myopic models mismeasure long-run substitution patterns, and could lead to incorrect policy decisions. |
| Keywords: | Long-run price elasticities, Dynamic demand travel, Hysteresis |
| JEL: | L71 L91 L98 |
| Date: | 2018–11–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:90059&r=tre |
| By: | Yolanda Rebollo-Sanz (Universidad Pablo de Olavide); Jesús Rodríguez-López (Universidad Pablo de Olavide); Nùria Rodríguez-Planas (Queens College - CUNY) |
| Abstract: | Using a quasi-experimental approach, we study the causal effect of introducing a penalty-point system (PPS) on drivers, accidents, injuries and fatalities. We find that the PPS decreased the number of traffic offenders by 13.8%. In addition, the deterrence effect was directly related to the size of the point loss. The PPS reform also curbed PPS-related accidents, injuries and fatalities by 14,2%, 15.1% and 16.1%, respectively. These findings are robust to a battery of tests, including a placebo test with a fictitious reform date. Crucially, the timing of the PPS implementation had no effect on road incidents unrelated to PPS regulations. |
| Keywords: | Road safety, law enforcement, driving license, and discontinuity-based model. |
| JEL: | K32 K41 R41 |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pab:wpaper:18.14&r=tre |
| By: | Akamatsu, Takashi; Wada, Kentaro; Iryo, Takamasa; Hayashi, Shunsuke |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a systematic approach for analyzing the departure-time choice equilibrium (DTCE) problem of a single bottleneck with heterogeneous commuters. The approach is based on the fact that the DTCE is equivalently represented as a linear programming problem with a special structure, which can be analytically solved by exploiting the theory of optimal transport combined with a decomposition technique. By applying the proposed approach to several types of models with heterogeneous commuters, it is shown that the dynamic equilibrium distribution of departure times exhibits striking regularities under mild assumptions regarding schedule delay functions, in which commuters sort themselves according to their attributes, such as desired arrival times, schedule delay functions (value of times), and travel distances to a destination. |
| Keywords: | departure time choice equilibrium, linear programming, optimal transport, sorting |
| JEL: | C61 R41 |
| Date: | 2018–12–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:90361&r=tre |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report reviews methods adopted in the United States and Canada for determining fairness and efficiency in rail markets and discusses their potential application in Mexico. It specifically examines how waybill and financial data are used in the economic regulation of railways and makes recommendations for establishing a data collection and analysis system suited to the Mexican railway system. Mexico has transformed its loss-making national railway into profitable concessions that have invested in infrastructure and carry growing volumes of freight. Some of the provisions agreed in the concession titles regarding interconnection and competition on specific links have not, however, developed as expected. A new regulatory agency was established in 2016/17 to address this and establish the capacity for the government to intervene effectively where necessary. A top priority for the Agencia Reguladora del Transporte Ferroviario de México is to develop a data collection and analysis system to understand rail markets in relation to issues of potential abusive pricing and reasonable conditions of access. |
| Date: | 2018–11–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:63-en&r=tre |
| By: | Gayle, Philip; Xie, Xin |
| Abstract: | Airlines wanting to cooperatively set prices for their international air travel service must apply to the relevant authorities for antitrust immunity (ATI). Whether consumers, on net, benefit from a grant of ATI to partner airlines has caused much public debate. This paper investigates the impact of granting ATI to oneworld alliance members on their price, markup, and various measures of cost. The evidence suggests that implementation of the oneworld alliance without ATI did not have a statistically significant impact on the markup of products offered by the members, and there is no evidence that the subsequent grant of ATI to various members resulted in higher markups on their products. We find evidence suggesting that the grant of ATI facilitated a decrease in partner carriers’ marginal and fixed costs. Furthermore, member carriers’ price did not increase (decreased) in markets where their services do (do not) overlap, implying that consumers, on net, benefit from the grant of ATI in terms of price changes. |
| Keywords: | Airline Competition; Strategic Alliances; Antitrust Immunity |
| JEL: | L13 L40 L93 |
| Date: | 2018–11–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:89914&r=tre |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report assesses the impact of alliances on the maritime transport chain and its main stakeholders. Alliances have become a dominant feature of container shipping, with around 95% of the major East-West container trades covered by carriers that form part of three global alliances. The report discusses the impacts on competition and asks whether alliances bring benefits, and for whom. Finally, it presents policy options for governments based on the findings. |
| Date: | 2018–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:62-en&r=tre |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report identifies the characteristics of the metropolitan transport authorities (MTAs) in the Barcelona, London and Paris areas that make them effective, and makes recommendations for the establishment of a new MTA in Korea’s capital region. It reviews governance arrangements and responsibilities for strategic planning, investment, data management, public transport services and the management of multi-modal transfer centres. Successfully managing mobility services in metropolitan areas is central to improving accessibility and to the well-being of their populations. The challenges faced include coordinating multiple government and non-government stakeholders, finding an institutional structure that meets the needs of both the urban-core and the larger commuting area, and striking a good balance between the powers of central government and local authorities. These challenges are particularly present in countries in the process of decentralisation. Successful MTAs give local authorities a prominent role in decision-making while maintaining a coherent larger scale vision in planning, policy-making and investment. Strong financial and technical capacity have proved critical. |
| Date: | 2018–10–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:61-en&r=tre |
| By: | Nicolas Wagner (International Transport Forum) |
| Abstract: | This paper puts numbers on the investment needs for urban transport infrastructure under different policy scenarios. The cities of the future will be shaped by today’s decisions about physical transport assets, and the urgent need to halt climate change makes it more important than ever to get it right. The analysis shows that a low-carbon transport system is not necessarily more expensive than today’s mobility system, and can even be more cost-efficient. |
| Date: | 2018–11–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/20-en&r=tre |
| By: | Donato A. Melchiorre.; Sinan Küfeoglu |
| Abstract: | Increasing residential renewable energy generation and the consumers’ demand for reducing their electricity bills leads to new opportunities to use electric vehicles (EVs) and batteries as domestic storage units. This paper assesses the economic feasibility of Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and domestic battery systems in the United Kingdom (UK). To do the analysis, a UK average EV and domestic battery have been established; called UKEV and UKBat respectively. The UKEV characteristics were determined by taking a weighted average from the five highest selling EVs in the UK. An arithmetic mean was used for the individual UKBat features based on seven models currently available on the UK market. The UKEV and UKBat were compared under four scenarios. These are Ofgem’s two domestic electricity profile classes (PC1, PC2) and two existing time-of-use tariffs; one with two and the other with three rates during a day. Maximum annual saving for the consumer was estimated to be around 35% and 57% per annual electricity bill for the EV and battery, respectively. On average, for both UKEV and UKBat, the three-rate tariff yielded 30% more savings than the two-rate tariff. Battery degradation cost was the major parameter affecting the economic feasibility of V2H and domestic batteries, but these costs are expected to continue to fall. Suitable time-of-use tariff design is the key to maximising consumers’ savings in using these units. |
| Keywords: | electric vehicles; battery; vehicle-to-home systems; tariffs |
| JEL: | L94 |
| Date: | 2018–10–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1858&r=tre |
| By: | Frederic Lloveras Minguell (MCRIT) |
| Abstract: | This paper describes the role of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (AMB) in the governance of public transport in Spain’s second-largest agglomeration. It sets out how the AMB is able to provide integrated transport management, planning, financing and decision-making across different administrations and bodies of the Barcelona region, based on a mandate that comprises territorial planning, environment and sustainability, housing, economic development and social cohesion. |
| Date: | 2018–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/23-en&r=tre |
| By: | Natan Colombo |
| Abstract: | The paper sheds light on and critically analyses the Belt and Road Initiative, the most ambitious financial and infrastructural plan China is promoting, inter alia, to reinforce its geopolitical role in the new global governance. After an introductive section on the evolution of the Chinese economy in the past decades, section 2 describes the background of the Initiative, with a focus on infrastructural connectivity, promotion of industrialisation in the involved areas, and collection of the capitals to be allocated for its projects. Section 3 deals with the main challenges and emerging problems, emphasising the geopolitical reactions of China's neighbouring countries to the Initiative, the delicate issues of its financial sustainability in the long term, the connected macroeconomic policies, and the evolution path of the Renminbi toward a wider internationalisation, in addition to comments on the infrastructural development. Several conclusive remarks end the work. |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:liu:liucec:2018-5&r=tre |
| By: | Pearl, Tracy Hresko |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse18:184962&r=tre |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Transport - Transport Economics Policy & Planning Transport - Roads & Highways Transport - Railroads Rural Development - Rural Roads & Transport Transport - Airports and Air Services |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:30046&r=tre |