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on Transport Economics |
| By: | takashi nakamura (tokyo city university) |
| Abstract: | Japan has been facing problems related to decline of population and aging. Also Tokyo metropolitan area is estimated depopulation and hard aging. Additionally a new urban planning that targets the reduction of automobile dependence and the use of public transit is required for realization of sustainable city. Tokyo metropolitan area is originally excellent in railway usage on commuting transit. Under this situation it is important that railway passengers preserve. I study the influence of land use patterns, aging and traffic means to railway station around above 580 railway stations on railway passengers from the viewpoint of sustainable rail transit service, especially viewpoint of TOD (Transit Oriented Development) using multiple regression analysis. In this study I set railway station influence area 800m in land use analysis and 500m in population aging analysis. I use railway passenger?s data from 1999 to 2015. In this study land use classification is farmland, forest, low-rise housing, crowd low-rise housing, middle and high-rise housing, commercial and business use, park and green land, manufacturing, public institution and development land. Traffic means to railway station in this study analysis are bicycle, bus, motor bicycle and working. As a result, it?s found that aging around railway station affect decrease railway passengers and mixed land use around railway stations has a constant effect on the increase and retention of the number of railway passengers. On the other hand, traffic means to railway station is not related to maintenance of the railway user. In addition aging around railway station is related to land use. Namely, in high component of low-rise housing areas hard aging is advancing. I will introduce success example of railway passengers? maintenance. It is important to perform mixed land use around railway station, urban redevelopment around railway station at high component of low-rise housing area, especially, unplanned sprawl area. |
| Keywords: | TOD; land use pattern; passengers of railway station; mixed land use; population aging. traffic means to railway station, multiple regression analysis |
| JEL: | R58 R14 L92 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:7009185&r=tre |
| By: | Donna, Javier D. |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a structural model of urban travel to estimate long-run price elasticities. A dynamic discrete choice demand model with switching costs is estimated, using a panel dataset with public market-level data on automobile and public transit use for Chicago. The estimated model shows that long-run own- (automobile) and cross- (transit) price elasticities are more elastic than short-run elasticities, and that elasticity estimates from static and myopic models are downward biased. The estimated model is used to evaluate the response to a gasoline tax. Static and myopic models mismeasure long-run substitution patterns, and could lead to incorrect policy decisions. |
| Keywords: | Long-run price elasticities, Dynamic demand travel, Hysteresis |
| JEL: | L71 L91 L98 |
| Date: | 2018–11–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:90260&r=tre |
| By: | Tilman Graff |
| Abstract: | Are roads in Africa connecting the right places to promote bene?cial trade? I assess the e?ciency of transport networks for every country in Africa. Using rich data from satellites and online routing services, I simulate optimal trade ?ows over a comprehensive grid of more than 70,000 links covering the entire continent. I employ a recently established framework from the optimal transport in economics literature to maximise over the space of networks and ?nd the optimal road system for every African state. Where would the social planner ideally build new roads and which roads are super?uous in promoting trade? My simulations predict that the entire continent would gain more than 1.1% of total welfare from better organising its national road systems. Comparing current and optimal networks, I then construct a novel dataset of local network ine?ciency for more than 10,000 African grid cells. I analyse roots of the substantial imbalances present in this dataset. I ?nd that colonial infrastructure projects from more than a century ago still persist in signi?cantly skewing trade networks towards a sub-optimal equilibrium. Areas close to former colonial railroads have about 1.7% too much welfare given their position in the network. I also ?nd evidence for regional favouritism, as the birthplaces of African leaders are overequipped with unnecessary roads. Lastly, I uncover a descriptive relationship whereby large transport infrastructure projects from The World Bank are not allocated to regions most in need of additional roads. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csa:wpaper:2018-17&r=tre |
| By: | Thiedig, Johannes |
| Abstract: | Uniquely amongst industrialized countries worldwide, Germany does not impose a general speed limit on highways. This is different in the Netherlands, where a limit of 130km/h is implemented. The direct border between the two countries provides an opportunity to construct a natural experiment and analyze the social impact of a general speed limit of 130 km/h for passenger cars on German highways. I quantify the social welfare impacts from travel time, accident victims, fuel consumption and emissions for two highway sections in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The results are obtained by a descriptive comparison of micro data on travel speeds and accidents, collected on the two designated cross-border highways. In the central case, I conclude that on both highways a speed limit would be beneficial from the social and private perspective. The impacts found on the two highways differ in magnitude, but the qualitative decisions are identical and sufficiently robust to their core assumptions. |
| Keywords: | Speed Limit,Highway,Germany,Cost-Benefit Analysis,Transport Economics |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fubsbe:201817&r=tre |
| By: | Paul Healy |
| Abstract: | Farmers in low-income countries depend on crop prices for their livelihoods. These prices often result from transactions with more powerful intermediary buyers. Large transport projects can significantly alter the transport cost environment for both farmers and buyers, and thus reshape agricultural markets for some of the world’s most vulnerable farmers. In this paper, I investigate the effect of India’s North-South-East-West highway (NS-EW) on rice, wheat, and soyabean prices in the years 2005-2016. Estimating the impact of road projects is challenging because of fundamental endogeneity issues in road construction. However, I exploit a difference-in-differences model with an instrumental variable that allows for identification of the causal effect of highway construction on the prices received by farmers in local markets. The “treatment” of the NS-EW raised prices at rice markets closer to the corridor relative to more distant markets by approximately 4% of the median rice price. This result is robust to modifications of the “before” and “after” cut-off dates in the difference-in-differences, exclusion of markets near urban centres, and a placebo difference-in-differences (using only the “before” years). |
| Keywords: | Transport; Infrastructure; Agriculture; India |
| JEL: | O18 Q13 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csa:wpaper:2018-13&r=tre |
| By: | Jan Willem Gunning; Pramila Krishnan; Andualem T Mengistu |
| Abstract: | We examine the spatial variation in variety of manufactured goods to study how choice fades with distance. We model monopolistically-competitive trade between market town and village and show how transport costs reduce consumer welfare through reduced variety. We use data from a purpose-designed survey of shops and consumers in villages in Ethiopia and prices of matched source and destination goods to estimate similar tastes for variety across space. Our estimates suggest an average mark-up of 10-15% and welfare costs of falling variety at 19% on average of expenditures on manufactures, in contrast to the e?ect of prices at an average of 1.75%. The cost of lower variety in remote places is substantial. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csa:wpaper:2018-05-2&r=tre |
| By: | Emde, Simon; Gendreau, Michel |
| Date: | 2017–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:109727&r=tre |
| By: | Boysen, Nils; Briskorn, Dirk; Emde, Simon |
| Date: | 2018–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:109725&r=tre |
| By: | Schüle, Ulrich; Liening-Ewert, F.; Schäffer, D. |
| Abstract: | Since the presidential elections in November 2015, Argentina's economic system has shifted back to a more neo-liberal paradigm. After more than 15 years of "neodesarrollismo" characterized by large scepticism towards inward FDI, the country opens up to international investment into infrastructure. With a new law adopted in early 2017, Argentina promotes public-private-partnership (PPP) projects. The expectations in Argentina vary from the belief that inward FDI will significantly contribute to the modernization of infrastructure to the fear that PPP projects will surrender the country to the interest of international capital. Even though the government believes that the ambitious National Infrastructure Plan with intended investment of US-$69bn in transport and energy infrastructure cannot be achieved without PPP projects, a critical analysis of the conditions under which PPP projects may be successfully applied in Argentina, is yet missing. In order to identify such conditions, a triangulation of three research methods was chosen: First, cases in Europe and Latin America were analysed in order to identify key success factors and arrangements correlated with project deficiencies. The focus was on contractual arrangements of risk distribution between stake holders and impediments to cash flow analysis. Second, documentary analysis was applied to examine the regulatory and institutional environment in Argentina. Third, in-depth interviews with 22 experts from Europe and Latin America were conducted. The experts represented the major stake holders in PPP projects: officials from government procurement, lawyers, bank representatives, and managers of project companies and major suppliers. As a result, conditions for a successful application of the PPP concept in Argentina's road and underground railway infrastructure as well as in integrated waste management systems were derived. The research was carried out in the framework of a bi-national Master program in International Business run by the Hochschule Mainz (Germany) and UCES, Buenos Aires. |
| Keywords: | Public-Private-Partnership (PPP),risk allocation,Argentina,infrastructure,FDI,multiple case study |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:uasmdp:82018&r=tre |
| By: | Ye, C.; Zhuo, N. |
| Abstract: | Air pollution is a very serious problem facing hznaghou of China. The local government in Hangzhou has implemented lottery system for license plate application, traffic ban in rush-hours and investment in subway system to decrease automobile exhaust. The main research objective of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of these policies on the air pollution. The data analyzed in this paper include four pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2) daily concentration (unit: ?g/m ), which is provided by the Environmental Protection Bureau of Zhejiang province. We use both OLS regression and regression discontinuity analysis to check the effects of the three policies memtion above. From the regression results, we find that the "lottery license plate", "rush hour traffic quota" , and subway system expansion all policies improved air quality in Hangzhou. Acknowledgement : Chunhui Ye gratefully acknowledges China National Science Foundation (Project 71773113) as well as Zhejiang University for financial support. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277527&r=tre |