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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Konrad Steiner (Johannes Gutenberg-University); Stefan Irnich (Johannes Gutenberg-University) |
| Abstract: | Traditional planning for urban transportation usually assumes a given or calculated split between motorized individual transport and public transportation. However, app-based services and ridesharing in the field of mobility on demand (MoD) induce an intermediate mode of transport, whose long-term role in the urban mobility landscape and within public transport systems is not fully understood as of today. If the public transport industry wants to capture the opportunities these new services offer and mitigate the risks that come with them, planning tools for integrated intermodal networks are indispensable. In this work, we develop a strategic network planning optimization model for bus lines that allows for intermodal trips with MoD as a first or last leg. For an existing public transport network, we decide simultaneously on the use of existing lines and segments in the future fixed-route network, on areas of the city where an integrated MoD service should be offered, on how MoD interacts with the fixed route network via transfer points, and on passenger routes. The objective is the optimization of the financial performance of the resulting network, which also includes additional demand and thus revenues induced by enhanced network coverage. The model provides several options for modeling MoD costs, which allows linking with operational models such as dial-a-ride. Moreover, our model considers a range of additional important strategic decisions like subsidies for a potential private sector operator of MoD services and the interplay between the demand for public transport and the role of MoD. We develop a path-based formulation of the problem and a branch-and-price algorithm as well as an enhanced enumeration-based approach to solve real-world instances to proven optimality. The model is tested on instances generated with the help of real-world data from a medium-sized German city that currently operates around 20 bus lines. |
| Keywords: | mobility on demand, strategic network planning, intermodal networks,multimodality, dial-a-ride, branch-and-price |
| Date: | 2018–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jgu:wpaper:1819&r=tre |
| By: | Yves Crozet (University of Lyon); Aurélie Mercier (University of Lyon) |
| Abstract: | This paper highlights the necessity of a spatial approach to addressing the acceptability problem of road tolls in cities. Few cities have implemented urban congestion charges because of limited public acceptance and perceived distributive impacts. The report focuses on the space consumption of car traffic as opposed to on time losses from road congestion. It shows that by focusing on accessibility, user groups who would be most adversely affected by tolls can be identified and the effectiveness of mitigation measures tested. |
| Date: | 2018–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/16-en&r=tre |
| By: | Adam Ploszaj; Xiaoran Yan; Katy Borner |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the impact of air transport connectivity and accessibility on scientific collaboration. |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1811.02106&r=tre |
| By: | Stef Proost (Catholic University of Leuven) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the optimal level of public transport pricing in metropolitan areas, using Stockholm and Paris as case studies. It shows that overall welfare improves if public transport prices are increased during peak hours to balance demand and fund additional services in the peak. This report considers the sources of welfare improvements and compares the effect of such pricing policy on cities with and without road pricing. |
| Date: | 2018–10–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/15-en&r=tre |
| By: | Salamat Ali; Richard Kneller; Chris Milner |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the differential effects of domestic and international transportation distances on exports by Pakistan firms. It uses novel data on exports at the transaction-level and on the location of firms within the country, ports of entry/exit and modes of shipment over time. The study exploits a shift in the US security policy and IV estimation to circumvent the potential endogeneity of manufacturing location choice. The paper finds that access to trade-processing facilities is a key limiting factor to exports. On average, the marginal trade-restricting effect of domestic distance to port of exit is larger than that of international distance to ports of entry in export markets. Both elements of distance have negative effects on the intensive margin of firms’ exports and positive effects on extensive margins, albeit with absolutely larger effects due to domestic than international distance. |
| Keywords: | trade costs; domestic distance; structural gravity; trade margins; Pakistan |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:not:notgep:18/13&r=tre |
| By: | Daniel Borebly (Department of Economics, University of Strathclyde) |
| Abstract: | The German Aviation Tax (AT) is a tax levied on departing passengers from German airports. The synthetic control method is used to generate counterfactual passenger numbers for German airports. The synthetic control method is used to generate counterfactual passenger numbers for German airports, and for airports outside Germany but near the German border. The results presented are consistent with cross-border substitution of passenger demand in response to AT. Most AT exempt airports near the borders have made sizable, significant, gains in passenger numbers since Germany introduced AT. Within Germany, there appears to be a clear distinction in the impact on small/regional airports and that on larger hubs. |
| Keywords: | aviation taxes, passenger demand, synthetic control |
| JEL: | H26 H30 L93 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:str:wpaper:1816&r=tre |
| By: | Bünnings, Christian; Schiele, Valentin |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we analyze the effect of light conditions on road accidents and estimate the long run consequences of different time regimes for road safety. Identification is based on variation in light conditions induced by differences in sunrise and sunset times across space and time. We find that darkness causes annual costs of £790 million. By setting daylight saving time year-round and, hence, shifting more daylight to the evening, 10 percent of these costs could be saved. Thus, focusing solely on the short run costs related to the transition itself underestimates the total costs of the current time regime. |
| Keywords: | road accidents,light conditions,daylight saving time |
| JEL: | R41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:768&r=tre |
| By: | Jillian Anable (University of Leeds); Phil Goodwin (University College London) |
| Abstract: | This paper offers new insights into the definition, measurement and operationalisation of different dimensions of social vulnerability to road user charges, using unique data sets available in the UK. Assessing distributional effects of road pricing or congestion charging schemes requires evaluating distributional patterns: who receives the benefits of reduced congestion and who receives the revenues collected? How these impacts change over time also needs consideration. |
| Date: | 2018–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2018/13-en&r=tre |
| By: | Akbar, Prottoy A.; Couture, Victor; Duranton, Gilles; Storeygard, Adam |
| Abstract: | We develop a methodology to estimate robust city level vehicular mobility indices, and apply it to 154 Indian cities using 22 million counterfactual trips measured by a web mapping service. There is wide variation in mobility across cities. An exact decomposition shows this variation is driven more by differences in uncongested mobility than congestion. Under plausible assumptions, a one standard deviation improvement in uncongested speed creates much more mobility than optimal congestion pricing. Denser and more populated cities are slower, only in part because of congestion. Urban economic development is correlated with better (uncongested and overall) mobility despite worse congestion. |
| Keywords: | cities; determinants of travel speed; roads; traffic; urban transportation |
| JEL: | R41 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:13291&r=tre |