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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Nerhagen, Lena (CTS - Centre for Transport Studies Stockholm (KTH and VTI)) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we discuss, based on research on the external cost of air pollution, if diesel as a fuel in the transport sector should be encouraged or discouraged in Swedish environmental policy. There are two main reasons for posing this question. The first is the international context where the use of diesel is generally considered to be a bad, due to its negative health effects. The second is the Swedish context with an ambitious vision for a fossil free vehicle fleet in 2030 where the use of diesel produced from forestry residues could be part of the solution. In recent years the use of diesel cars has been encouraged by various policy measures, for example a subsidy based on assessments of emissions for CO2 per kilometer. Is this a policy that should be continued or abandoned? In this paper we focus on the health impacts and our conclusion is that dieselization is more a blessing than a curse. The reason is that Sweden is a sparsely populated country and therefore the health costs of emissions from road transport are low by international standards. |
| Keywords: | environmental policy; fossil free vehicle fleet; fuel use; external health cost; impact pathway approach; cost-efficient emission reductions |
| JEL: | R40 |
| Date: | 2018–09–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ctswps:2018_013&r=tre |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report examines how the optimised use of new shared transport modes can change the future of mobility in the Auckland area in New Zealand. Based on computer simulations of different shared mobility scenarios, the study shows that introducing ride sharing and Taxi-Bus services can significantly reduce C02 emissions and improve accessibility while lowering mobility costs and improving service quality for users. Most scenarios also reduce congestion and release public parking space for other uses. The simulations show that new shared modes work particularly effectively in tandem with public transport supply such as rail and bus rapid transit (BRT), for which they can act as feeders. A survey and focus groups for the study explored how willing citizens in the Auckland area are to using shared mobility solutions. Together, the findings provide an evidence base for decision makers to weigh opportunities and challenges created by new forms of shared transport services. The work forms part of a series of studies on shared mobility in different urban and metropolitan contexts.This report is part of the International Transport Forum’s Case-Specific Policy Analysis series. These are topical studies on specific issues carried out by the ITF in agreement with local institutions. |
| Date: | 2017–11–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:41-en&r=tre |
| By: | Johansson, Per-Olov (CERE - the Center for Environmental and Resource Economics); de Rus, Gines (University of Las Palmas de G.C., FEDEA and University Carlos III de Madrid) |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses how to evaluate a large project when there is a substitute. The new large project causes discrete price adjustments in the substitute market. For example, a new high-speed rail may shift the demand curve for flight tickets to the left and reduce their price, in turn shifting the demand curve for train tickets to the left. There are several different ways to handle this complication, and we hopefully provide some guidance how to proceed. In particular, we point at an approach that captures the general equilibrium effects of a considered project in its output market. In theory at least, this approach provides a simple short-cut in cost-benefit analysis of (infrastructure and other) projects that are so large that they have a noticeable impact on equilibrium prices in other markets. A similar shortcut for transport projects that affect time costs is also supplied. |
| Keywords: | Cost-bene fit analysis; large projects; substitutes; time costs |
| JEL: | D61 H43 R40 |
| Date: | 2018–09–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:slucer:2018_007&r=tre |
| By: | Zhong, Jia; Khanna, Madhu; Chen, Xiaoguang |
| Abstract: | The direct incentive from the renewable fuel standard for fuel consumers is limited while the penetration of flexible fuel vehicles (FFV) stays stagnated. To study alternative policy incentives and its mechanism targeted at consumer to supplement the standards from the demand side, we develop a framework of dynamic economic partial equilibrium model. We find that under RFS 2022 schedule, explicitly pronounced cross-subsidization on both fuels (yearly average $0.41/gge tax on preblended fuel and $2.35/gge subsidy on ethanol) and vehicles (average $2.8k tax on CV and $2.4k purchase subsidy on FFV) are needed for consumers to switch to higher ethanol blends and FFV. The retail E100 is priced lower than its energy content as with E10 to the extent to attract FFV users consume higher blends and stimulate FFV purchase while offset the drawbacks of the higher vehicle costs and its less fuel efficiency. A lengthened policy not only alleviates the pricing strategies pressure but also reduces the welfare loss. Improved competitiveness in sales price is more effective in benefiting the vehicle drivers with less feebate intensity. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Demand and Price Analysis, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258483&r=tre |
| By: | Lindgren, Samuel (CTS - Centre for Transport Studies Stockholm (KTH and VTI)) |
| Abstract: | Credible estimates of the cost of traffic noise are crucial to the assessment of the merits of noise control policies. This study estimates the cost of aircraft noise by measuring its capitalization into housing prices following an unexpected renewal of the operating contract for a local airport. The results show that a one decibel increase in aircraft noise leads to a reduction in housing values of 0.3 percent, or $1,200, on average. The capitalization rate is larger the higher is the property’s value, size and standard which suggest that owners of these houses benefit relatively more from noise abatement measures. |
| Keywords: | noise pollution; value of environmental goods |
| JEL: | Q51 Q53 R23 R31 R41 |
| Date: | 2018–09–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ctswps:2018_015&r=tre |
| By: | Schweizer, Heidi |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Agricultural and Food Policy, Marketing |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258513&r=tre |
| By: | ARNOLD, Florian; SÖRENSEN, Kenneth |
| Abstract: | The Location Routing Problem (LRP) unites two important challenges in the design of distribution systems. On the one hand, the delivery of goods to customers needs to be planned as e?ffectively as possible, and on the other hand, the location of depots from where these deliveries are executed has to be determined carefully. In the last years many heuristic approaches have been proposed to tackle LRPs. Usually, however, the computation of excellent solutions comes at the cost of an intricate algorithmic design. In this paper we introduce an effi cient heuristic for LRPs that is almost entirely based on a heuristic to solve routing problems. We estimate an upper bound for the number of open depots, and iteratively apply the routing heuristic on each remaining con?guration of open locations. Despite its simple design, the heuristic competes with the best results in literature, and can also be readily adapted to solve problems of very large scale. |
| Keywords: | Vehicle routing problem, Heuristics, Location routing |
| Date: | 2018–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ant:wpaper:2018010&r=tre |
| By: | Sun, Shanxia; Delgado, Michael; Khanna, Neha |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2017–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea17:258502&r=tre |
| By: | Nerhagen, Lena (CTS - Centre for Transport Studies Stockholm (KTH and VTI)); Forsstedt, Sara (The Swedish Transport Agency); Edvardsson, Karin (The Swedish Transport Agency) |
| Abstract: | To achieve effective regulation, the OECD and the European Commission recommend the use of regulatory impact assessment (RIA). The full RIA process has however not been implemented in Sweden. There is for example a lack of established practices at the national level for the analysis of risk in regulatory work. Instead, soft law in the form of management by objective systems is guiding transport and environmental policy. These systems were introduced in the end of the 1990s following the international discussion on the precautionary principle. According to findings in other countries, policy making based on the precautionary principle may result in unexpected and unwanted consequences and therefore, based on a literature review and an assessment of current practices in transport regulation in Sweden, we suggest the use of an initial screening of hazards in regulatory work. We also apply the proposed method to four transport related case studies to illustrate how an initial assessment can provide the basis for an informed discussion on what hazards to counteract with regulation and on what grounds. |
| Keywords: | precautionary principle; risk assessment; hazards; regulatory impact assessment |
| JEL: | R40 |
| Date: | 2018–09–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ctswps:2018_014&r=tre |
| By: | Zergawu, Yitagesu Zewdu; Walle, Yabibal M.; Giménez Gómez, José M. (José Manuel) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the joint impact of infrastructure capital and institutional quality on economic growth using a large panel data set covering 120 countries and spanning the years 1980-2015. The empirical strategy involves estimating a simple growth model where, in addition to standard controls, infrastructure, institutional quality and their interaction are included as explanatory variables. Potential endogeneity concerns are addressed by means of GMM estimators that utilize internal instruments. We findd that the interaction terms between infrastructure capital and institutional quality have a positive and significant impact on economic growth. These results are robust to a variety of alternative specifications and institutional quality measures. Hence, our results suggest that maximizing returns from infrastructure development requires improving the quality of institutions. Keywords: infrastructure; institutions; growth; dynamic panel JEL classification: H54, F20 |
| Keywords: | Infraestructura (Economia), Economia internacional, 33 - Economia, |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:urv:wpaper:2072/332584&r=tre |