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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Christopher L. Benson; Pranav D Sumanth; Alina P Colling |
| Abstract: | Autonomous ships (AS) used for cargo transport have gained a considerable amount of attention in recent years. They promise benefits such as reduced crew costs, increased safety and increased flexibility. This paper explores the effects of a faster increase in technological performance in maritime shipping achieved by leveraging fast-improving technological domains such as computer processors, and advanced energy storage. Based on historical improvement rates of several modes of transport (Cargo Ships, Air, Rail, Trucking) a simplified Markov-chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) simulation of an intermodal transport model (IMTM) is used to explore the effects of differing technological improvement rates for AS. The results show that the annual improvement rates of traditional shipping (Ocean Cargo Ships = 2.6%, Air Cargo = 5.5%, Trucking = 0.6%, Rail = 1.9%, Inland Water Transport = 0.4%) improve at lower rates than technologies associated with automation such as Computer Processors (35.6%), Fuel Cells (14.7%) and Automotive Autonomous Hardware (27.9%). The IMTM simulations up to the year 2050 show that the introduction of any mode of autonomous transport will increase competition in lower cost shipping options, but is unlikely to significantly alter the overall distribution of transport mode costs. Secondly, if all forms of transport end up converting to autonomous systems, then the uncertainty surrounding the improvement rates yields a complex intermodal transport solution involving several options, all at a much lower cost over time. Ultimately, the research shows a need for more accurate measurement of current autonomous transport costs and how they are changing over time. |
| Date: | 2018–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1806.01696&r=tre |
| By: | Gandenberger, Carsten; Köhler, Jonathan Hugh; Doll, Claus |
| Abstract: | The paper asks how the modal shift from road to rail in the freight sector is sup-ported by institutional change. Following North (1990), institutions are understood as the "rules of the game" in the rail freight sector. Based on the literature on institutional change, four different perspectives and mechanisms can be dis-cerned: institutional design, collective action, institutional adaptation, and institu-tional diffusion. Each of these perspectives examines the situation in the German rail freight sector from a different angle. Based on this analysis, processes of institutional change and their potential impact on modal shift are discussed. Fol-lowing the railway reform, new domestic and foreign competitors of DB Cargo have entered the rail freight market with business models tailored to promising segments. At the same time, this competition has triggered a transformative or-ganisational change initiative at DB Cargo, which is currently in the process of implementation. Even though the success of this initiatives is highly uncertain, in total, the described changes are likely to result in a higher competitiveness of the sector and a stronger orientation to customer needs. Furthermore, the road freight sector has increasingly come under political pressure due to its rising GHG emissions and rail transport is increasingly seen as a viable alternative. In this respect, the recently published Master Plan for Rail Transport acts on many re-quirements of the railway sector and foresees a reduction of financial burdens, capacity extensions, and technological innovation. Overall, however, the analysis suggests that the current rate of institutional change may not be sufficient to cause the far-reaching changes necessary for a large scale transformation of the modal split of freight transport. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s092018&r=tre |
| By: | Meyer, Niclas; Horvat, Djerdj; Hitzler, Matthias; Doll, Claus |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses a range of business model innovations taking place out-side the rail transport sector with a direct impact on rail transport. The paper also discusses business model innovations that may have been developed elsewhere but could be transferred to the rail transport sector. The paper's main research question is whether business model innovations have the potential to strengthen the rail transport sector. While the focus is on how to increase the market share of rail transport in the modal split, it is not exclusively on business model innovations within the rail transport sector. It will also look at business model innovations outside the rail transport sector with the potential to increase the modal market share of rail transport. This paper is based on a survey of all business model innovations within the rail transport sector and relevant innovations outside the sector. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s082018&r=tre |
| By: | Napalang, Ma. Sheilah G.; Agatep, Pia May, G.; Navarro, Adoracion, M.; Detros, Keith, C. |
| Abstract: | Road funds like the Motor Vehicle User's Charge (MVUC) fund in the Philippines are earmarked funds that ensure a stable flow of resources, particularly for public road development projects. However, shortcomings from project identification to fund disbursement hamper effective implementation of the MVUC funding scheme. In assessing the different MVUC processes, this paper finds that transparency and efficiency in collection should be improved through automation and accurate recording. Project identification and investment programming must also adhere to the recommended procedures in the operating manual. As the study finds indications of fund underutilization, it suggests accelerating fund utilization through advance project development and investment programming. Looking at five MVUC-funded projects, it observes that only one of the five projects had an impact monitoring system. Nevertheless, findings from field visits and interviews with beneficiaries reveal that there are positive benefits from the MVUC mechanism. A closer look at successful cases in other countries also reveals good practices that are worth noting. |
| Keywords: | public finance, Philippines, road fund, earmarking, MVUC, transportation, motor vehicle inspection system, program assessment |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:rpseri:rps_2018-01&r=tre |
| By: | Lanz, Rainer; Piermartini, Roberta |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the factors of comparative advantage within global value chains relying on a framework where comparative advantage is measured through the interaction of country and industry characteristics. We find that good institutions give a comparative advantage in the later stages of the production process, whereas good transport infrastructure gives an advantage in the early stages of production. We explain these results with a simple theoretical framework that shows how predicted patterns of specializations depend on whether trade costs are additive or multiplicative. |
| Keywords: | global value chains,quality of transport infrastructure,quality of institutions,comparative advantage,upstreamness,production networks,trade costs |
| JEL: | F13 F14 L60 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wtowps:ersd201805&r=tre |
| By: | Yves Crozet (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | L’insécurité routière et les temps de parcours (gains ou pertes) ont été les premiers effets externes du transport intégrés dans le calcul économique, il y a plus de 50 ans. Les valeurs tutélaires correspondantes ont évolué de façon divergente. Depuis 1970, la valeur de la vie humaine a progressé presque 5 fois plus vite que la valeur du temps. Malgré ce prix relatif croissant, l’insécurité occupe une place réduite dans les coûts externes du transport, surtout si nous appliquions les méthodes proposées dans le manuel européen (RICARDO-AEA). Ce résultat n’est pas acceptable alors que le nombre de morts sur les routes a recommencé à croître depuis 2013. Comment assurer une cohérence entre les méthodes d’évaluation et les objectifs des politiques publiques ? |
| Keywords: | Coûts de congestion,coûts d’insécurité routière,méthodes de calcul,coûts externes du transport,valeur de la vie statistique |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01792545&r=tre |
| By: | Idit Sohlberg |
| Abstract: | In the past twenty years the number of elderly drivers has increased for two reasons. one is the higher proportion of elderly in the population, and the other is the rise in the share of the elderly who drive. This paper examines the features of their driving and the level of their awareness of problems relating to it, by analysis preference survey that included interviews with 205 drivers aged between 70 and 80. The interviewees exhibited a level of optimism and self confidence in their driving that is out of line with the real situation. There is also a discrepancy between how their driving is viewed by others and their own assessment, and between their self assessment and their assessment of the driving of other elderly drivers, which they rate lower than their own. they attributed great importance to safety feature in cars, although they did not think that they themselves needed them, and most elderly drivers did not think there was any reason that they should stop driving, despite suggestions from family members and others that they should do so. A declared preference survey was undertaken to assess the degree of difficulty elderly drivers attribute to driving conditions. It was found that they are concerned mainly about weather condition, driving at night, and long journeys. Worry about night driving was most marked among women, the oldest drivers, and those who drove less frequently. In light of the findings, imposing greater responsibility on the health system should be considered. Consideration should also be given to issuing partial licenses to the elderly for daytime driving only, or restricted to certain weather conditions, dependent on their medical condition. Such flexibility will enable the elderly to maintain their life style and independence for a longer period on the one hand, and on the other, will minimize the risks to themselves and other. |
| Date: | 2018–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1806.03254&r=tre |
| By: | Gu, Yewen (Dept. of Business and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics); Wallace, Stein W. (Dept. of Business and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics); Wang, Xin (Dept. of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | Global warming has become one of the most popular topics on this planet in the past decades, since it is the challenge that needs the efforts from the whole mankind. Maritime transportation, which carries more than 90% of the global trade, plays a critical role in the contribution of green house gases (GHGs) emission. Unfortunately, the GHGs emitted by the global fleet still falls outside the emission reduction scheme established by the Kyoto Protocol. Alternative solutions are therefore strongly desired. Several market-based measures are proposed and submitted to IMO for discussion and evaluation. In this paper, we choose to focus on one of these measures, namely Maritime Emissions Trading Scheme (METS). An optimization model integrating the classical fleet composition and deployment problem with the application of ETS (global or regional) is proposed. This model is used as a tool to study the actual impact of METS on fleet operation and corresponding CO2 emission. The results of the computational study suggest that in the short term the implementation of METS may not guarantee further emission reduction in certain scenarios. However, in other scenarios with low bunker price, high allowance cost or global METS coverage, a more significant CO2 decrease in the short term can be expected. |
| Keywords: | Maritime Emissions Trading Scheme; CO2 emissions; maritime fleet composition; deployment model |
| JEL: | C44 C60 Q50 |
| Date: | 2018–06–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhhfms:2018_010&r=tre |