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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Nathalie Lenoir (ENAC - Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile); Isabelle Laplace (ENAC - Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile) |
| Abstract: | Today, new services and products open a realm of possibilities to the imagination of individuals, leading to profound changes in the way we live and move. For practicality reasons, current transport models usually consider individual transport modes with the attributes of monetary costs and time costs, using the value of time savings of travellers. This leads to the supremacy of speed in models of passenger behaviour and in the evaluation of transport infrastructure project. However, today people seem to consider other attributes than just price and time of travel. Moreover they usually string together several transport modes from the origin to the destination, and take into account the whole package when deciding about their trip. In this paper we look at previous research on various transport modes (or combination of transport modes) in order to identify how people currently behave when they decide to travel and choose their transport modes. We highlight the need to review our concept of value of time savings with a highlight on the specific case of multimodal door-to-door travels. |
| Date: | 2017–10–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01704461&r=tre |
| By: | Damert, Matthias; Rudolph, Frederic |
| Abstract: | In this policy paper we discuss policy instruments which can help to decarbonise passenger cars in the European Union. We elaborate to what extent these policy instruments are effective, technology-neutral, predictable, cost-effective and enforceable. Based on these criteria, we develop recommendations for the European Union and its Member States on (1) how to shape their policy frameworks in order to achieve existing climate change mitigation targets; (2) how to support car manufacturers in selling innovative and competitive products; and (3) how to encourage consumers in Europe to purchase appropriate vehicles. We conclude that favourable policy instruments are used, but there is a strong need for adjustment and further development. The effectiveness of the current EU emission standard should be further increased by turning away from granting "supercredits" and introducing a size-based (instead of weight-based) credit system. Moreover, its overall ambition is questionable and the existing compliance mechanisms should be sharpened. Fuel taxes are an effective means to push consumers to buy energy-efficient cars. However, a sharp increase may not have the desired effects. Instead, the Member States should harmonise their excise duties at the level of those Member States, which currently impose the highest taxes (Netherlands, Italy). This includes the abolition of any diesel tax bonus. An introduction and harmonisation of vehicle taxes (purchase and circulation) should be based on a vehicle's energy consumption. Additionally, reformation efforts should aim to change the taxation of company cars in a way that vehicle sizes are reduced over time. Ambitious Member States may also want to introduce a sales quota for electric vehicles. Sales quotas are a very cost-effective policy instrument provided that the mandated technology will achieve a certain market share. This may be assumed for battery-electric vehicles. Further supportive instruments that should be considered are eco-labelling, public procurement and purchase incentives. However, the latter instrument's effectiveness is debatable and its implementation should therefore not be a Member State's priority. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wuppap:193&r=tre |
| By: | Sallis, James F; Bull, Fiona; Burdett, Ricky; Frank, Lawrence D.; Griffiths, Peter; Giles-Corti, Billie; Stevenson, Mark |
| Abstract: | Land-use and transport policies contribute to worldwide epidemics of injuries and non-communicable diseases through traffic exposure, noise, air pollution, social isolation, low physical activity, and sedentary behaviours. Motorised transport is a major cause of the greenhouse gas emissions that are threatening human health. Urban and transport planning and urban design policies in many cities do not reflect the accumulating evidence that, if policies would take health effects into account, they could benefit a wide range of common health problems. Enhanced research translation to increase the influence of health research on urban and transport planning decisions could address many global health problems. This paper illustrates the potential for such change by presenting conceptual models and case studies of research translation applied to urban and transport planning and urban design. The primary recommendation of this paper is for cities to actively pursue compact and mixed-use urban designs that encourage a transport modal shift away from private motor vehicles towards walking, cycling, and public transport. This Series concludes by urging a systematic approach to city design to enhance health and sustainability through active transport and a move towards new urban mobility. Such an approach promises to be a powerful strategy for improvements in population health on a permanent basis. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 Q15 |
| Date: | 2016–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:68652&r=tre |
| By: | Benjamin Hansen; Keaton S. Miller; Caroline Weber |
| Abstract: | Over the last few years, marijuana has become legally available for recreational use to roughly a quarter of Americans. Policy makers have long expressed concerns about the substantial external costs of alcohol, and similar costs could come with the liberalization of marijuana policy. Indeed, the fraction of fatal accidents in which at least one driver tested positive for THC has increased nationwide by an average of 10 percent from 2013 to 2016. For Colorado and Washington, both of which legalized marijuana in 2014, these increases were 92 percent and 28 percent, respectively. However, identifying a causal effect is difficult due to the presence of significant confounding factors. We test for a causal effect of marijuana legalization on traffic fatalities in Colorado and Washington with a synthetic control approach using records on fatal traffic accidents from 2000-2016. We find the synthetic control groups saw similar changes in marijuana-related, alcohol-related and overall traffic fatality rates despite not legalizing recreational marijuana. |
| JEL: | H23 I12 I28 K42 R4 R41 |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:24417&r=tre |
| By: | Cherbonnier, Frédéric; Ivaldi, Marc; Muller-Vibes, Catherine; Van Der Straeten, Karine |
| Abstract: | This paper is aimed at evaluating the net gains and trade-offs at stake in implementing the competition of the rail mode in the long distance passenger market either by means of franchise or by an open access mechanism. We simulate the outcomes of competition in and for the market using a differentiated-products oligopoly model allowing for inter- and intra-modal competition in a long distance passenger market. Specifically we first calibrate the model using data describing high speed lines in France and show that the incumbent railway operator’s strategy does not simply boil down to a short-term profit maximization (e.g., because of existing regulation or limit-pricing strategy). This yields two important results when simulating competition. First, whether it is for or in the market, the opening to competition does not guarantee a decrease in prices in favor of passengers. Second, the effects of opening up to competition for the market are relatively predictable and potentially positive, while those of opening up to competition in the market remain very uncertain. |
| Keywords: | Intermodal competition; Oligopoly model; Open access |
| JEL: | L13 L90 R40 |
| Date: | 2018–03–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:32558&r=tre |
| By: | Severen, Christopher (Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the effects of Los Angeles Metro Rail on the spatial distribution of people and prices. Using a panel of bilateral commuting flows, I estimate a quantitative spatial general equilibrium model to quantify the welfare benefits of urban rail transit and distinguish the benefits of reduced commuting frictions from other channels. The subway causes a 7%-13% increase in commuting between pairs of connected tracts; I select plausible control pairs using proposed subway and historical streetcar lines to identify this effect. The structural parameters of the model are also estimated and are identified using a novel strategy that interacts tract-specific labor demand shocks with the spatial configuration of the city. These parameters indicate people are relatively unresponsive to changes in local prices and characteristics, implying that the commuting response corresponds to a large utility gain. The welfare benefits by 2000 are significant: LA Metro Rail increases aggregate welfare by $246 million annually. However, these benefits are only about one-third of annualized costs. While benefits did not outweigh costs by 2000, I employ more recent data to show that there are dynamic effects: Commuting continues to increase between connected locations. |
| Keywords: | Subways; Public transit; Commuting; Gravity; Spatial equilibrium |
| JEL: | J61 L91 R13 R40 |
| Date: | 2018–03–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:18-14&r=tre |
| By: | Melecky, Martin; Roberts, Mark; Sharma, Siddharth |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses a new policy framework to appraise proposals of large transport infrastructure investments—transport corridors—and applies it to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The framework emphasizes the need to focus the appraisal of transport corridor investments on outcomes that go beyond savings in travel time and reductions in vehicle operating costs, and even beyond intermediate outcomes such as trade and agglomeration. The focus should be on the ultimate benefits that households along a corridor, and, more generally, society, can attain—such as increased consumption, better jobs, and greater equity. It also emphasizes the need to identify and manage trade-offs. For example, household income could increase at the expense of environmental degradation. Or alongside winners, a corridor, may also create many losers. The appraisal framework is applied to Pakistan’s portion of the CPEC, using reduced-form econometrics and allowing the impacts of transport corridors to depend on initial market conditions and institutions. The simulations suggest important heterogeneous impacts of CPEC among districts in Pakistan stemming from the variations in restrictions on land use and in secondary education across connected districts. |
| Keywords: | Infrastructure; Transport Corridors; Economic Corridors, Wider Economic Benefits; Consumption; Poverty; Jobs; Gender; Air Pollution; Pakistan; China. |
| JEL: | F15 H54 R12 R40 |
| Date: | 2018–03–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:85077&r=tre |
| By: | Emde, Simon; Schneider, Michael |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:96055&r=tre |