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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Akbar, Prottoy; Duranton, Gilles |
| Abstract: | We provide a novel approach to estimate the deadweight loss of congestion. We implement it for road travel in the city of Bogotá using information from a travel survey and counterfactual travel data generated from Google Maps. For the supply of travel, we find that the elasticity of the time cost of travel per unit of distance with respect to the number of travelers is on average about 0.06. It is close to zero at low levels of traffic, then reaches a maximum magnitude of about 0.20 as traffic builds up and becomes small again at high levels of traffic. This finding is in sharp contrast with extant results for specific road segments. We explain it by the existence of local streets which remain relatively uncongested and put a floor on the time cost of travel. On the demand side, we estimate an elasticity of the number of travelers with respect to the time cost of travel of 0.40. Although road travel is costly in Bogotá, these findings imply a small daily deadweight loss from congestion, equal to less than 1% of a day’s wage. |
| Keywords: | Ciudades, Investigación socioeconómica, Transporte, |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblwop:1028&r=tre |
| By: | Pierre Camilleri (IFSTTAR/AME/SPLOTT - Systèmes Productifs, Logistique, Organisation des Transports et Travail - IFSTTAR - Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux - Communauté Université Paris-Est); Laetitia Dablanc (IFSTTAR/AME/SPLOTT - Systèmes Productifs, Logistique, Organisation des Transports et Travail - IFSTTAR - Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux - Communauté Université Paris-Est) |
| Abstract: | As electric vehicles appear as a potential solution for cleaner deliveries, several constraints affect the attractiveness of electric light commercial vehicles (eLCVs). Our research aims at identifying these constraints as well as quantifying their respective weight. We investigate two types of constraints: operational and economic. Operational constraints determine if an electric vehicle is suitable for a given use; for example, the limited range of operation due to the necessity to recharge the battery. Economic performance, which we examine through Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) computations for electric and conventional vehicles, sheds light upon the trade-offs faced by business users when they have to choose between several technologies. We then present the results of a disaggregated constraints analysis made on a French database about light commercial vehicles, which assesses the proportion of vehicles that could be replaced by electric ones, and at what costs. This study shows that, today, eLCVs are competitive for some specific uses, but do not cover the needs of every freight transport operator. Our analysis also shows that even if fuel prices remain low and financial incentives decline, the competitiveness of electric vehicles could grow in the future. |
| Keywords: | TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP - TCO,CALCUL ECONOMIQUE,VEHICULE ELECTRIQUE,VEHICULE UTILITAIRE LEGER - VUL,ANALYSE DES CONTRAINTES,COUT |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01539105&r=tre |
| By: | Canavire-Bacarreza, Gustavo; Duque, Juan Carlos; Urrego, Joaquin A. |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the relationship between urban public transportation innovation and crime. In 2004, the city of Medellin in Colombia developed an innovative public transportation system based on cable cars (Metrocable) to reach dense, isolated and dangerous neighborhoods. Using Spatial Difference in Difference approaches and a rich dataset at spatial analytical level, using max-p modeling, we explore the effects of the Metrocable on crime and its mechanisms. We find a significant impact on homicides reduction in the treated neighborhoods, especially in the medium run. Homicides decreased around 41% more than the general crime reduction in the city between 2004 and 2006, and by 49% between 2004 and 2012. We explore two mechanisms through which this intervention may affect the level of criminality, one is reducing the travel costs and improving accessibility to the rest of the city for low-income population (socioeconomic mechanism); the other is the increasing of the probability of apprehension for potential and active o enders (deterrent mechanism). |
| Keywords: | Ciudades, Innovación, Investigación socioeconómica, Pobreza, Seguridad ciudadana, Transporte, |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblwop:978&r=tre |
| By: | Pascal Pochet (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Lourdes Diaz Olvera (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Didier Plat (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Amakoé Adolehoume (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | As urban growth contributes towards a surge in mobility needs, motorcycles are becoming increasingly present in cities in Sub-Saharan Africa. They are proving to be the transport mode best adapted to the poor road conditions and heavy congestion, as well as a solution to the structural difficulties encountered by public transport to ensure daily mobility for inhabitants. The advance of motorcycles takes different forms, depending on the cities in question: a growth driven by personal use and the rise in motorcycle taxis over the last decades. |
| Keywords: | motorbike taxi, mobility, earnings, public health, Lomé,private motorcycle |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01482898&r=tre |
| By: | Newbery, D. |
| Abstract: | The paper sets out the economic theory for addressing externalities such as air pollution from burning fossil fuels and from road transport, and for public bads such as greenhouse gases, taking as examples the Clean Air Act, 1956, progress in reducing emissions from power stations, and recent concerns over the number of premature deaths from the rapid growth in diesel cars. That damage can be costed at 15p/litre of diesel on average. The last part discusses the efficacy of taxes, quotas or standards and the EU ETS for mitigating climate damage. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution, particulates, fossil generation, transport, emissions trading |
| JEL: | H2 H23 H41 I18 Q51 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2017–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1719&r=tre |
| By: | Shenle Pan (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Vaggelis Giannikas (Institute for Manufacturing - CAM - University of Cambridge [UK]); Yufei Han (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Etta Grover-Silva (PERSEE - Centre Procédés, Énergies Renouvelables, Systèmes Énergétiques - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University); Bin Qiao (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Purpose: The development of e-grocery allows people to purchase food online and benefit from home delivery service. Nevertheless, a high rate of failed deliveries due to the customer’s absence causes significant loss of logistics efficiency, especially for perishable food. This paper proposes an innovative approach to use customer-related data to optimize e-grocery home delivery. The approach estimates the absence probability of a customer by mining electricity consumption data, in order to improve the success rate of delivery and optimize transportation. Design/methodology/approach: The methodological approach consists of two stages: a data mining stage that estimates absence probabilities, and an optimization stage to optimize transportation. Findings: Computational experiments reveal that the proposed approach could reduce the total travel distance by 3% to 20%, and theoretically increase the success rate of first-round delivery approximately by18%-26%. Research limitations/implications: The proposed approach combines two attractive research streams on data mining and transportation planning to provide a solution for e-commerce logistics. Practical implications: This study gives an insight to e-grocery retailers and carriers on how to use customer-related data to improve home delivery effectiveness and efficiency. Social implications: The proposed approach can be used to reduce environmental footprint generated by freight distribution in a city, and to improve customers’ experience on online shopping. Originality/value: Being an experimental study, this work demonstrates the effectiveness of data-driven innovative solutions to e-grocery home delivery problem. The paper provides also a methodological approach to this line of research. |
| Keywords: | E-commerce, Data Mining,City Logistics, Food Delivery, Freight Transportation. |
| Date: | 2017–02–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01482901&r=tre |
| By: | Philippe Aghion (CDF - Collège de France - CdF - Collège de France, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics, CIAR - Canadian Institute for Advanced Research - Université de Montréal, Department of Economics, Harvard University); Antoine Dechezleprêtre (Centre for Economic Performance - LSE - London School of Economics and Political Science, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment - LSE - London School of Economics and Political Science); David Hémous (Insead - INSEAD - INSEAD); Ralf Martin (Imperial College London, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment - LSE - London School of Economics and Political Science, Centre for Economic Performance - LSE - London School of Economics and Political Science); John Van Reenen (National Bureau of Economic Research - National Bureau of Economic Research, Centre for Economic Performance - LSE - London School of Economics and Political Science) |
| Abstract: | Can directed technical change be used to combat climate change? We construct new firm-level panel data on auto industry innovation distinguishing between “dirty” (internal combustion engine) and “clean” (e.g., electric, hybrid, and hydrogen) patents across 80 countries over several decades. We show that firms tend to innovate more in clean (and less in dirty) technologies when they face higher tax-inclusive fuel prices. Furthermore, there is path dependence in the type of innovation (clean/dirty) both from aggregate spillovers and from the firm’s own innovation history. We simulate the increases in carbon taxes needed to allow clean technologies to overtake dirty technologies. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Taxes |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01496920&r=tre |
| By: | Luke Haywood (DIW - Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung - German Institute for Economic Research); Martin Koning (IFSTTAR - Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux); Guillaume Monchambert (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ENS Cachan - École normale supérieure - Cachan) |
| Abstract: | Crowding on public transport (PT) is a major issue for commuters around the world. Nevertheless, economists have rarely investigated the causes of crowding discomfort. Furthermore, most evidence on the costs of PT crowding is based on trade-offs between crowding, travel time and money. First, this paper assesses discomfort with PT crowding at various density levels across heterogeneous individuals using a different methodology. Based on a survey of 1000 Paris PT users, the negative relationship of in-vehicle density on reported satisfaction is similar to previous studies investigating PT crowding costs and stable across most individual characteristics. We also find a sensitive increase in crowding costs over users’ income. Second, we investigate the causes of this discomfort effect. We identify three key drivers: (a) dissatisfaction with standing and not being seated; (b) less opportunities to make use of the time during the journey; (c) the physical closeness of other travelers per se. |
| Keywords: | Survey data, Travel cost, Stated satisfaction,Public transport, Crowding |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01517820&r=tre |
| By: | Estelle Malavolti (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - Toulouse School of Economics, ENAC - Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile); Frédéric Marty (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | A lot of cases had arouse in the past decade about agreements between regional airports and low-cost carriers. These agreements are challenged on the basis of the State Aids European control as they rise concerns not only about competition distortions between airlines but also about fiscal competition risks among Member States or local governments. Such phenomena could be expected as regional airports are characterized by significant overcapacities and overlapping inducing a substitutability for airlines. Surprisingly, the new 2014 guidelines on State Aids granted to airlines open the way to transitory operating aid schemes, an option apparently at odds with the European longstanding principles. Our purpose in this paper is to demonstrate with the help of the development of a model, that such agreements can make sense from the economic point of view provided that the relationship between the carrier and the airport is no longer analyzed as a vertical chain, inducing an assessment in terms of economic dependence, but as a two-sided market. The favorable usage terms granted to low cost carriers generate additional flows on the other side, with commercial revenues from shops or parking. Consequently, subsidizing operating costs might be rational, even for a private investor in a market economy, and might be a perennial device. |
| Keywords: | two-sided market,state aids,air transport economics |
| Date: | 2017–06–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01538698&r=tre |
| By: | Boysen, Nils; Briskorn, Dirk; Emde, Simon |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:88891&r=tre |
| By: | Folgerø, Ingrid Kristine (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration); Harding, Torfinn (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration); Westby, Benjamin (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of speed limits on local air pollution, using a series of datespecific speed limit reductions in Oslo over the 2004-2015 period. We find that lowering the speed limit from 80 to 60 km/h reduces travel speed by 5.8 km/h, but we find no effect on local air pollution. A conservative cost–benefit calculation suggests a net social loss from the speed limit reductions of 0.52 billion USD each year. Our findings imply that policy makers need to consider other actions than speed limit reductions to improve local air quality. |
| Keywords: | Temporary speed limit; air pollution; travel time; cost-benefit; regression discontinuity design |
| JEL: | H23 Q53 Q58 R41 |
| Date: | 2017–09–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhheco:2017_012&r=tre |
| By: | Vierth , Inge (VTI); Lindgren, Samuel (VTI); de Jong, Gerard (Significance); Baak , Jaap (Significance); Hovi , Inger Beate (TØI); Berglund , Moa (WSP); Edwards, Henrik (SWECO) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this report is to recommend a new commodity classification for the next version of the Swedish national freight model system Samgods. The recommendation is based on i) a comparison of commodity classifications in transport models in other countries, ii) an evaluation of classifications in from the viewpoint of modelling transport demand, iii) how well the classification captures behavioral differences among firms in the freight market and iv) statistical considerations. We recommend the classification to be based on the divisional level of the NST 2007 and to include commodity groups 1-14. We recommend to split up group 1 into one category containing round wood and another containing the rest of the items. We also think it is useful to add a commodity group for air freight by combining fractions from other commodities. In total, our recommendation consists of 16 groups. |
| Keywords: | National freight model; Commodity classification |
| JEL: | R40 |
| Date: | 2017–09–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ctswps:2017_011&r=tre |