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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Paul J Burke; Tsendsuren Batsuuri; Muhammad Halley Yudhistira |
| Abstract: | Indonesia has serious traffic jams. This study uses data from 19 Indonesian toll roads over 2008-2015 to calculate the effects of Indonesia's historic recent fuel subsidy reforms on motor vehicle travel. The timing of the reforms was determined by budgetary and political factors, providing a suitable setting for estimating a causal effect. We control for a broad set of other factors potentially influencing traffic flows. Estimates using monthly data suggest an immediate fuel price elasticity of motor vehicle flows on the roads in our study of -0.1, increasing to -0.2 when responses over a year are considered. We estimate that Indonesia's fuel subsidy reforms of 2013 and 2014 had reduced traffic pressure on these roads in the second half of 2015 by around 10% relative to the counterfactual without reform. A move to an adequate fuel excise system could contribute to more free-flowing traffic, while generating revenue for infrastructure and other investment. |
| Keywords: | fuel subsidy, gasoline, price, elasticity, transport, Indonesia |
| JEL: | R41 R48 H20 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pas:papers:2017-10&r=tre |
| By: | Börjesson, Maria (KTH); Fung, Chau Man (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven); Proost, Stef (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven); Yan, Zifei (KTH) |
| Abstract: | This paper optimises the number of bus stops, and prices for car, bus and cycling in the busiest inner city corridor in Stockholm. We find that the number of bus stops is already close to optimal. Welfare would increase if the peak frequency was increased, the bus fares were differentiated such that short trips paid less than the current rate, and that the toll for longer car trips was increased. The optimal toll for cyclists, and the welfare benefit from it, is small and does not compensate the transaction costs. The distributional effects of bus fare changes and higher car tolls are small because on one hand, high income groups place more value on travel time gains, but on the other hand, low income groups travel less frequently by car. Surprisingly, we find that in the welfare optimum, the bus service generates a surplus due to congestion in the bus lane, crowding in the buses, and extra boarding and alighting time per passenger. The Mohring effect is limited because the demand, and thereby the baseline frequency, is already high. |
| Keywords: | Public transport; Cycling; Bus stops; Congestion; Optimal pricing of urban transport |
| JEL: | R41 R48 |
| Date: | 2017–08–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ctswps:2017_010&r=tre |
| By: | Atsuko Okuda and Siope Vakataki Ofa from the Transport Division. (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) |
| Abstract: | The digital divide in Asia and the Pacific continues to widen over time. It affects ESCAP low-income countries (mostly LDCs, LLDCs and SIDS) which need ICT connectivity the most in their efforts towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In response, ESCAP member countries recently endorsed the AP-IS Master Plan and Regional Cooperation Framework Document which provide a regional platform for key stakeholders to coordinate and collaborate towards expanding investment in developing missing fibre-optic networks and improving inclusive broadband access. In that context, this brief explores how to promote broadband infrastructure investments. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:pbmpdd:pb48&r=tre |
| By: | André De Palma (ENS Cachan - École normale supérieure - Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay); Julien Monardo (ENS Cachan - École normale supérieure - Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | We study the general nesting logit (GNL) model for differentiated products proposed by Fosgerau and de Palma (2016) as a member of the family of generalized entropies built by Fosgerau, Melo, de Palma and Shum (2017), to estimate demand when using aggregate data. We show that the GNL model allows products to be independent, substitutable, or complementary. While Fosgerau and de Palma (2016) show that it can be transformed into a linear regression, we show that this linear regression is very similar to that of Berry (1994) for the nested logit in that it is just a regression of market shares on product characteristics and terms related to its nesting structure. We then use the Dominick's database for estimating the demand for cereals in Chicago in 1991-1992. |
| Keywords: | Demand estimation, Differentiated products, Discrete choice,Generalized entropy, Representative consumer,C26,D11,D12,L |
| Date: | 2017–07–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01552455&r=tre |
| By: | Mathieu Verougstraete from the Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division. (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) |
| Abstract: | The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development puts infrastructure development at its core with at least 12 out of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) having a direct infrastructure link. To achieve these development objectives, governments are looking for appropriate financing strategies and involving the private sector is often considered by policy makers as a promising option to overcome resource constraints and improve public service delivery. Recognizing this potential, countries have included “promoting effective public-private partnerships†as one of the means of implementation for sustainable development (SDG-17). Furthermore the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA) on Financing for Development confirmed “that both public and private investments have key roles to play in infrastructure financing, including through … mechanisms such as public-private partnerships†. Against this background, this policy brief outlines key infrastructure challenges in the Asia-Pacific region before exploring the benefits and limitation of PPP arrangements as well as the policy actions that are required for making the most of this mechanism. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:pbmpdd:pb45&r=tre |
| By: | Hicham Abbad (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - UN - Université de Nantes); Sonia Mahjoub (LARGECIA - ONIRIS - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique) |
| Abstract: | Faced with the increased performance requirements of large food retailers, suppliers are continually seeking solutions to improve their logistical performance. To achieve this, for the last few years manufacturers have turned to pooling. This practice requires the mutualization of logistical means (warehouses, distribution centers, transport tools, information systems) and to have the managed by another company, logistics service providers. Despite the interest of numerous companies in pooling, horizontal mutualization experiences between suppliers and large food retailers, remain limited. The main objective of this paper is to identify the obstacles slowing down recourse to horizontal mutualization solutions. Documentary research in specialized professional reviews backed up with interviews with three experts has enabled us to identify and analyze the reasons stopping suppliers to adopt this collaborative approach in greater numbers. |
| Keywords: | retailers,logistics service providers,France,logistics pooling,suppliers |
| Date: | 2017–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01548760&r=tre |
| By: | Yoshinori Nakagawa (Department of Management, Kochi University of Technology); Kaechang Park (Research Organization for Regional Alliance, Kochi University of Technology); Hirotada Ueda (Kyoto Sangyo University); Hiroshi Ono (Honda Motor Co.,Ltd.) |
| Abstract: | In the aging information society, replacing human passengers' protective effects on vehicle drivers with those of social robots is essential. However, effects of social robots' presence on drivers have not yet been fully explored. Thus, using a driving simulator and a conversation robot, this experimental study aimed to answer two research questions: (i) whether social robots' anthropomorphic qualities per se—not practical information the robot provides drivers—have protective effects by promoting cautious driving and alleviating crash risks and (ii) in what psychological processes such effects emerge. Participants were collected from young, middle-aged, and elderly cohorts (n = 37, 36, and 36, respectively). They were allocated to either the treatment group (simulated driving in a conversation robot's presence) or the control group (simulated driving alone), and their driving performance was measured. Emotions (peace of mind, loneliness, and concentration) were also measured in a post-driving questionnaire survey using our original, psychometrically sound scales. Although the older cohort did not demonstrate protective effects, perhaps due to motion sickness, young and middle cohorts drove cautiously, with the robot enhancing either peace of mind or concentration. Protective effects were partly ascribed to the robot's role of expressing sympathy, especially when drivers encountered not-their-fault minor incidents and became stressed. This finding suggests a new driving-safety approach, in which the central point is passengers receiving drivers’ emotions, rather than giving them information or warnings, regardless of whether passengers are humans or social robots. |
| Keywords: | Passenger effects on drivers, Social Robots, eak AI stance |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kch:wpaper:sdes-2017-16&r=tre |
| By: | Paredes, Joan |
| Abstract: | Due to input-output linkages, an industry level shock can widely transmit to the rest of the economy. We identify government policies on the automobile industry, which change final prices and estimate their effect on sales and production. An example could be the scrappage schemes that many European governments introduced at the start of the Great Recession. In line with previous studies, we confirm that the effect on car sales is positive. More interestingly, we extend the literature that explores the effects of these policies on domestic and foreign production to disentangle the potential spill-overs. JEL Classification: C32, C54, E23, E62, H25 |
| Keywords: | automotive industry, Bayesian GVAR, fiscal policy, production, spill-overs |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20172094&r=tre |