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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Tripathi, Sabyasachi; Kaur, Shupinder |
| Abstract: | India’s current haphazard unplanned urbanization has brought in its wake myriad problems like increase in number of vehicles, energy consumption, air pollution, noise pollution, violence, traffic congestion, traffic injuries and fatalities etc. In this perspective, the present paper tries to analyze and evaluate the trends and patterns of the different forms of urban negative externalities. It also measures the impact of negative externalities on city population agglomeration in India. In the absence of reliable city level data, the paper focuses only on 42 class I (population one lakh or more) cities in India and bases the analysis on four types of urban negative externalities i.e., number of registered motor vehicles, air pollution, road accidents, and crimes. The trends and patterns analysis suggests that urban India is currently witnessing a higher increase in the number and density of registered vehicles, air pollution, road accidents and also crimes. The OLS regression results show that negative externalities such as city wise air pollution, number of registered motor vehicles (measured by tractors and trucks density), and city-wise number of crimes have a negative effect on city population agglomerations. However, number of accidents, car density and total number of buses show a positive effect on city population agglomerations. Finally, this paper seeks to highlight the role of eco friendly public transport systems funded by the government in curbing urban negative externalities in India. |
| Keywords: | Urbanization, negative externalities, economic growth, India. |
| JEL: | R11 R12 R40 |
| Date: | 2017–02–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:76897&r=tre |
| By: | Xinying Fu (VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands); Vincent A.C. van den Berg (VU Amsterdam, Tinbergen Institute, The Netherlands); Erik T. Verhoef (VU Amsterdam, Tinbergen Institute, The Netherlands) |
| Abstract: | We study different mixes of private and public supply of roads in a network with bottleneck congestion and heterogeneous users. In our setting, there are two parallel links for one origin and destination pair and two groups of travellers, where the group with higher value of time also has higher schedule delay value. Previously scholars have argued that as travellers become more heterogeneous, they benefit more from product differentiation, and thus private supply of roads becomes more efficient. However, we find that local monopoly power might also increase, i.e. the private supplier can increase the toll on his link without worrying that travellers will move to the other link. This can undermine the efficiency of private supply of roads. The problem is especially severe with flat tolls, where travellers in equilibrium tend to travel on separate roads. With queue-eliminating tolls, however, both types tend to travel on both roads in equilibrium, and the competition between road providers remains relatively intense. |
| Keywords: | Congestion Pricing; Bottleneck Model; Heterogeneity; Private Supply |
| JEL: | R41 R42 R48 |
| Date: | 2017–02–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20170025&r=tre |
| By: | Fleischer, Tamás; Tir, Melinda |
| Abstract: | Do we save time with our faster transport modes? The answer is, no. The authors answered this question after comparing the average daily per capita transport time-use based on the 1986/87, the 1999/00, and the 2009/10 Hungarian time-budget survey. The average time-use remained between 60 and 65 minutes, same as it was in 1977. During the period studied, the share of the motor/car time-use approximately doubled in the total transport time-use, while the other modes (walking, cycling, and public transports) decreased proportionally. In the same period, there was a wide distribution in the per capita daily transport time-use data influenced by geographical destination choice (in space and time)—and by demographic (age, gender), spatial (county, settlement status), and social (activity, qualification) variables. The paper analysed the effect of the latter explanatory variables on the heterogeneity of the transport time-use. The gender and activity variables can explain motor/car time-use differences; geography and settlement status the bicycle-, and the settlement status also the public transport time-use differences. However, all the explanatory variables analysed could only explain 10% of the divergences. |
| Keywords: | transport time-use time-budget survey Hungary trends distributions transport modes |
| JEL: | O18 R41 R42 |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:76851&r=tre |
| By: | Dalmeijer, K.; Spliet, R. |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a branch-and-cut algorithm for the Time Window Assignment Vehicle Routing Problem (TWAVRP), the problem of assigning time windows for delivery before demand volume becomes known. A novel set of valid inequalities, the precedence inequalities, is introduced and multiple separation heuristics are presented. In our numerical experiments the branch-and-cut algorithm is 3.8 times faster when separating precedence inequalities. Furthermore, in our experiments, the branch-and-cut algorithm is 193.9 times faster than the best known algorithm in the literature. Finally, using our algorithm, instances of the TWAVRP are solved which are larger than the small scale instances previously presented in the literature. |
| Keywords: | Vehicle Routing, Time Window Assignment, Precedence Inequalities, 90B06 (Transportation), 90C11 (Mixed integer programming), 90C57 (Branch-and-cut) |
| Date: | 2016–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ems:eureir:97802&r=tre |
| By: | Kincses, Áron; Tóth, Géza; Tömöri, Mihály; Michalkó, Gábor |
| Abstract: | This study introduces the behaviour of participants in transit tourism in Hungary with a focus on their expenditure. With the help of multivariable mathematical-statistical methods, the motivational background and the spending characteristics of foreigners visiting Hungary between 2009 and 2013 are explored; in addition, the factors influencing expenditure, according to nationality, are investigated. According to our investigations, people in transit, whose spending is continuously increasing, make up a significant share of the expenditure of foreigners arriving in Hungary. Typical types of spending during transit are fuel purchases and dining at restaurants. Among transit visitors to Hungary, Romanian, Serbian (including Monte-negro and Kosovo), and Bulgarian nationals have the highest share. While the number and expenditure of transit visitors slightly increased during the examined period, the per capita spending decreased. The results of the study show that this is due to the changes in the composition of the countries involved. Changes in transit tourism expenditures are largely determined by nationality. The most important conclusion of our research is that the most significant characteristics of transit depend on general European trends (labour market conditions, tourism supply, etc.) and conditions (visa requirements, transport infrastructure, accommo-dation along transit routes, among others) provided for transit visitors by Hungary. |
| Keywords: | transit tourism tourism expenditure Hungary |
| JEL: | L62 L83 O18 |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:76854&r=tre |
| By: | Xinying Fu (VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands); Vincent A.C. van den Berg (VU Amsterdam, Tinbergen Institute, The Netherlands); Erik T. Verhoef (VU Amsterdam, Tinbergen Institute, The Netherlands) |
| Abstract: | We study the efficiency of private supply of roads under demand uncertainty and evaluate various regulatory policies. Due to demand uncertainty, capacity is decided before demand is known, but tolls can be adjusted after demand is known. Policy implications can differ considerably from those under deterministic demand. For instance, for serial links, the toll in the second-best zero-profit case is no longer equal to the marginal external congestion cost. In the first-best scenario, the capacity under uncertain demand is higher than that under deterministic demand of the same expected value, though self-financing still holds in expected terms. Regulation by competitive auction cannot replicate the second-best zero-profit result and thus leads to a lower welfare, whereas without uncertainty various forms of competitive auctions can attain this second-best optimum. For more complex networks, when private firms add capacity in turn, contrary to the case without demand uncertainty, some form of auction performs better than others with demand uncertainty. |
| Keywords: | Traffic Congestion; Road Pricing; Uncertain Demand; Road Network; Private Supply; Auction |
| JEL: | D63 H23 R41 R42 |
| Date: | 2017–02–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20170026&r=tre |
| By: | Abeliansky, Ana Lucia; Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada; Prettner, Klaus |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the effects of 3D printing technologies on the volume of trade and on the structure of foreign direct investment (FDI). A standard model with firm-specific heterogeneity generates three main predictions. First, 3D printers are introduced in areas with high economic activity that also face high transport costs. Second, technological progress in 3D printing leads to FDI dependent on traditional production structures gradually being replaced with FDI based on 3D printing techniques. At this stage, international trade remains unaffected. Finally, at later stages, with 3D printers being widely used, further technological progress in 3D printing leads to a gradual replacement of international trade. Empirical evidence indicates that countries subject to higher transport costs and with high levels of economic activity are indeed among those importing more 3D printers. Anecdotal evidence also supports the second and third predictions of the model. |
| JEL: | F10 F23 O33 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc16:145479&r=tre |
| By: | Axel Gautier (Université de Liège, HEC); Iman Salem (Université de Liège, HEC) |
| Abstract: | La SNCB n’a pas su s’adapter à la libéralisation du fret ferroviaire faute de rentabilité. Dans la perspective d’une libéralisation du transport de passagers annoncée pour 2023, nous évaluons les performances de l’entreprise. Notre étude met en avant un déficit de productivité et une contribution faible des passagers aux coûts par rapport à d’autres opérateurs européens. |
| Date: | 2016–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctl:louvrg:2016128&r=tre |
| By: | Kennedy, Sean; Lyons, Sean; Morgenroth, Edgar; Walsh, Keith |
| Abstract: | Consistently cheaper fuel prices in one jurisdiction compared to a neighbouring jurisdiction should, holding other factors constant, lead to greater demand for fuel in the country with the lower price, due in part to legal fuel tourism. Fuel tourism, cross-border demand for fuel, represents an important source of tax revenues to the Exchequer but also contributes significantly to a country’s national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The econometric analysis in this paper aims to estimate the level and determinants of fuel demand from Northern Irish consumers in the Republic of Ireland taking account of market size, proximity to major roads, level of local competition and station characteristics. The analysis is based on an unbalanced panel dataset of retail sales among 543 border stations from April 2013 to March 2015. The results show that the set of stations close to the border have higher than expected average diesel and petrol sales by 54.4% and 14.6% respectively. Greater levels of fuel tourism for diesel may partly be attributable to heavy goods and other vehicles which avail of cheaper prices near the border before making long distance journeys on to the Continent. The combined Excise Duty, Carbon Tax and VAT contribution to the Irish Exchequer associated with fuel tourism is estimated at €202 million for diesel and €28 million for petrol based on 2015 levels. CO2 emissions from these cross-border sales are about 1.17 million tonnes per annum, or 2% of Ireland’s national GHG emissions. |
| Keywords: | Fuel tourism, cross border shopping, fuel demand, Ireland |
| JEL: | F14 H20 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2017–02–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:76961&r=tre |
| By: | Benedek, József; Hărănguș, Iulia; Man, Titus |
| Abstract: | The study examines the spatial and economic characteristics of commuting to work in one of the most dynamic areas of Romania, Cluj County. Based on the 2011 census data, the study reveals a strong connection between accessibility and commuting intensity, while the urban network determines the spatial orientation of the dominant commuting flows. However, we found no significant relation between dynamic economic performance and commuting intensity |
| Keywords: | commuting to work accessibility economic development Cluj County |
| JEL: | D00 J61 R11 |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:76807&r=tre |
| By: | Karla Münzel; Wouter Boon; Koen Frenken; Taneli Vaskelainen |
| Abstract: | Carsharing provides an alternative to private car ownership by allowing car use temporarily on an on-demand basis. Operators provide carsharing services using different business models and ownership structures. We distinguish between cooperative, business-to-consumer (B2C) roundtrip and one-way, as well as peer-to-peer (P2P) carsharing. This paper characterizes these different types of business models and compares their success in terms of diffusion using a comprehensive database of all 101 German carsharing providers in 2016. The key results hold that fleet size is significantly different across business models ranging from a few cars (cooperatives in small towns), to a few hundred (B2C roundtrip in larger cities), to over a thousand (B2C one-way in largest cities), up to multiple thousands (P2P across the country). By analyzing for each operator the number of cars per capita in the city they operate in, we do not find significant differences across business models indicating the viability of each separate business model type. Hence, we conclude that business models will continue to co-exist for a while, although some of the business models may well converge in the longer run due to Internet-of-Things applications and the introduction of self-driving cars.Creation-Date: 2017-02 |
| Keywords: | Carsharing; sharing economy; platform economy; on-demand mobility services; business models; future mobility |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uis:wpaper:1702&r=tre |