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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Pfeifer, Gregor; Wahl, Fabian; Marczak, Martyna |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the economic impact of the $14 billion preparatory investments for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. We use satellite data on night light luminosity at municipality and electoral district level as a proxy for economic development, applying synthetic control methods for estimation. For the average World Cup municipality, we find significantly positive, short-run effects before the tournament, corresponding to a reduction of unemployment by 1.3 percentage points. At the electoral district level, we reveal distinct effect heterogeneity, where especially investments in transport infrastructure are shown to have long-lasting, positive effects, particularly in more rural areas. |
| Keywords: | Football World Cup,Public Infrastructure,Development,Night Lights Data,Synthetic Control Methods,Mega Sports Events,South Africa |
| JEL: | H54 O18 R11 R42 Z28 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hohdps:162016&r=tre |
| By: | Janda, Karel; Kourilek, Jakub |
| Abstract: | World e�ort to reduce climate changes drives demand for more environmentally friendly alternative fuels, since transport emits quarter of total greenhouse gas emissions. For many years biofuels were main mean for achieving more green transport. Nevertheless, there are rising concerns that some of biofuels have negative environmental and social impacts sometimes worse than fossil fuels. This work links European Union's biofuels development with expansion of natural gas caused by exploitation from shale formations. We conclude that the expansion will not be driven by exploitation of shale gas at European Union territory. |
| Keywords: | biofuels, shale gas |
| JEL: | Q16 Q42 |
| Date: | 2016–11–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:74885&r=tre |
| By: | Theodoros N. Chatzivasileiadis (Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Marjan W. Hofkes (Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Department of Spatial Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Onno J. Kuik (Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex; Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Department of Spatial Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam; CESifo, Munich) |
| Abstract: | We use the latest version of the GTAP multi-sector / multi-country model to assess the impact of sea level rise on transport infrastructure. Using DIVA output as input, our results indicate that Global GDP is depressed, but European GDP is less affected compared to the rest of the world. Sea level rise as projected in the IPCC RCP8.5 scenario causes global welfare losses of USD 61 billion in 2050. These losses are mainly caused by productivity losses in sea transport. We show that globally the welfare losses exceed the direct transportation cost changes by 30%, with substantial regional variation. Developed regions adjust better to increases in transportation costs than developing regions. Through transport, sea level rise causes significant changes to the global economy. |
| Keywords: | climate change, computable general equilibrium, CGE, sea level rise, transportation disruptions, water transport |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2016–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:9916&r=tre |
| By: | Steven Sheppard (Williams College); Andrew Udell (Dropbox) |
| Abstract: | The growth of peer-to-peer markets has provided a mechanism through which private individuals can enter a market as small scale, often temporary, suppliers of a good or service. Companies that facilitate this type of supply have attracted controversy in cities around the world, with concerns regarding Uber and Airbnb in particular. Both companies have been subject to criticism for failing to pay taxes to local authorities and for avoiding regulatory oversight that constrains more traditional suppliers of these services. It is not surprising that these companies have been criticized by more traditional suppliers of short term accommodation or transportation as presenting unfair competition, and attempts have been made to ban provision of these services in several cities around the world. A central complaint concerning Airbnb focuses on the impact of short-term rental properties on the value of residential property. A report prepared by the Office of the Attorney General of the State of New York lists these impacts among a number of concerns: do Airbnb rentals provide a black market in unsafe hotels? Do short-term rentals make New York City less affordable? Is the influx of out-of-town visitors upsetting the quiet of longstanding residential neighborhoods? These concerns pose difficulties because they imply different impacts on the values of residential properties. If short-term rentals provided via Airbnb create a concentration of what are effectively unsafe hotels, upsetting quiet residential neighborhoods, they would generate a local concentration of externalities that might be expected to depress property values rather than make housing less affordable. Alternatively, if these externality effects are modest relative to the impacts of space diverted from providing housing for residents to providing short-term accommodation for visitors, then local concentration of Airbnb properties may increase house prices. Perhaps because of this confusion, it is possible to find divergent viewpoints expressed about the impacts of Airbnb in the popular press and in consultant reports, but (to our knowledge) no careful study that estimates the direct impact of Airbnb rental availability on house prices. This paper presents such a study in the context of New York City. |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wil:wileco:2016-03&r=tre |
| By: | Janda, Karel; Kourilek, Jakub |
| Abstract: | We study relationship between biodiesel, as a most important biofuel in the EU, relevant feedstock commodities and fossil fuels. Our main interest is to capture relationship between biodiesel and natural gas. They are both used either directly as a fuel or indirectly in form of additives in transport. Therefore, our purpose is to �nd price linkage between biofuel and natural gas to support or reject the claim that they compete as alternative fuels and potential substitutes. The estimated price link between biodiesel and diesel is negative and the strongest among analysed commodities. The price transmission between biodiesel and natural gas is the weakest one. |
| Keywords: | biofuels, shale gas |
| JEL: | Q16 Q42 |
| Date: | 2016–11–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:74887&r=tre |
| By: | Bergantiños, Gustavo; Vidal-Puga, Juan |
| Abstract: | We study hub problems where a set of nodes send and receive data from each other. In order to reduce costs, the nodes use a network with a given set of hubs. We address the cost sharing aspect by assuming that nodes are only interested in either sending or receiving data, but not both (one-way flow) or that nodes are interested in both sending and receiving data (two-way flow). In both cases, we study the non-emptiness of the core and the Shapley value of the corresponding cost game. |
| Keywords: | hub network; cost allocation; core; Shapley value |
| JEL: | C71 |
| Date: | 2016–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:74875&r=tre |
| By: | Ramamoorthy, Prasanna; Jayaswal, Sachin; Sinha, Ankur; Vidyarthi, Navneet |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we present computationally efficient formulations for the hub interdiction problem. The problem is to identify a set of r critical hubs from an existing set of p hubs that when interdicted, results in the greatest disruption cost for the hub-and-spoke network owner. To begin with, the problem is modeled as a bilevel mixed integer linear program. We explore two ways to reduce this bilevel program to single level by replacing the lower level problem with constraints obtained i) using KKT conditions and ii) by exploiting the structure of the problem. Reduction using KKT conditions is straightforward but computationally inefficient in this context. Exploiting the structure of the problem, we propose two alternate forms of closest assignment constraints and study their computational e ffectiveness while solving the problem. We also show the dominance relationship between our proposed closest assignment constraints and the only other version studied in the literature. Our computational results suggest that with one form of our proposed closest assignment constraint the resulting model is solved on an average seven times faster than the proposed one in literature. We further propose refinements to these alternate forms of closest assignment constraints which are computationally faster than their original constraints. We also solve the single level hub interdiction problem using a Benders' decomposition method to fully exploit the potential of our proposed closest assignment constraint. The computational efficiency gained using the closest assignment constraints, makes the trilevel protection problem tractable. We reduce the trilevel hub protection problem to a bilevel problem, and solve it using an Implicit enumeration + Benders' decomposition procedure. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iim:iimawp:14552&r=tre |