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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Ackah, Ishmael; TETTEH, ELIZABETH NARKIE |
| Abstract: | In Ghana, road transport is the major form of transporting goods and passengers from one part of the country to the other making up 95% of the form of transport we have (Baffour-Awuah 2015). Liquefied Petroleum Gas which is mainly produced for household consumption and industrial activities is now being used by vehicles as fuel called autogas assumed to be main cause of shortages of LPG in the country. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative methods in gathering the information through the use of questionnaire and interviews. Since it is a non-parametric study, tables and percentages were used for the analysis. From the studies, 71% of the drivers use LPG and the main reason accounting for their choice was the affordability of the fuel. The brand of car engines used by these commercial drivers were the converted ones with about 98% of those cars consuming only one type of fuel (LPG). The conversion to use LPG started about seven years ago. There is the need to develop appropriate safety, health and market regulations to manage the use of autogas in Ghana. |
| Keywords: | Transportation fuel, LPG, Ghana, autogas |
| JEL: | D0 Q4 R4 |
| Date: | 2016–08–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:74242&r=tre |
| By: | Mirjam Schindler (IPSE, Université du Luxembourg); Geoffrey Caruso (IPSE, Université du Luxembourg); Pierre M. Picard (CREA, Université du Luxembourg, CORE Université catholique de Louvain) |
| Abstract: | Exposure to urban traffic-induced air pollution is a major health concern of cities. This paper analyzes the urban structure when localized pollution exposure arises from commuting traffic and investigates the feedback effect of endogenous pollution on residential choices. The presence of stronger traffic-induced air pollution exposure reduces the geographical extent and the population of cities. Land rents fall with distance from the city center while population densities may be non-monotonic. Cleaner vehicle technolo- gies reduce pollution exposure everywhere, increase population and density everywhere and do not affect the spatial extent of the city. The paper com- pares the urban equilibrium with the first-best. The first-best structure is a less expanded city with higher densities at the center and lower densities at the fringe. |
| Keywords: | residential choice, traffic-induced air pollution, localized pollution exposure, urban structure |
| JEL: | R11 R14 R41 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:luc:wpaper:16-08&r=tre |
| By: | Gorecki, Paul |
| Abstract: | This paper addresses, for the taxi market in Ireland, whether judicial, legislative and regulatory processes promote taxi users’ welfare or taxi license holders’ welfare. It is argued that the 2000 decision to remove quantitative restrictions on taxi numbers favoured taxi users; the 2010 decision to re impose such restrictions, with the exception of wheelchair accessible taxis) had the effect of favouring taxi license holders, while doing little to meet its declared object to increase the number of wheelchair accessible taxis and the ready availability of such vehicles for wheelchair customers. Whether the late 2000s/early 2020s will be a rerun of the late 1990s, with increasing waiting times for taxi users, is a moot point. An applicant refused a taxi license might, as in 2000, successfully bring a High Court case contesting the legal basis for the present quantitative restrictions. The Competition and Consumer Protection Commission might spark debate on taxi regulatory policy, while the Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport might issue a policy direction to the National Transport Authority, the taxi regulator, requiring it to clarify the objectives and benchmarks for success of its existing prohibition on taxi licenses and to consider how best to create incentives for those with wheelchair accessible taxis to use them to service wheelchair users. |
| Keywords: | regulation; taxi; wheelchair accessible |
| JEL: | L5 |
| Date: | 2016–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:74099&r=tre |
| By: | Carlos-Enrique, Cardoso-Vargas |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a brief review of the current conditions of economic competition in the sector of air travel in Mexico. So, this shows the most relevant legal framework for the sector and highlights of recent years; the document also shows the conditions of competition in the market through the analysis of concentration indices, prices, relationship between prices and market power, competition intra and inters airports and barriers to free competition. The results show a slight increase in economic concentration in the sector, however, in terms of the legislation this situation does not provide evidence that this competition process being affected. The main constraints on competition appear to be the prevailing physical barriers in the operation of the Mexico City International Airport and some aspects of current legislation. |
| Keywords: | Economic competition, competition policy, airline industry in Mexico |
| JEL: | L40 L52 L93 |
| Date: | 2015–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:74294&r=tre |
| By: | Naghmeh Niroomand (Department of Economics, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus); Glenn P. Jenkins (Queen's University, Canada and Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents an empirical comparison of the contingent valuation method (CVM) and choice experiment (CE) method in the estimation of the non-market value of road safety improvements. In this study we used both the CVM and the CE method to identify the preferences and tradeoffs of automobile drivers in North Cyprus for road safety improvements. Mixed logit and payment ladder approaches were used to assess the driversÕ willingness to pay (WTP) for road safety improvements. Although the CVM yielded higher values than the CE, the differences between the estimates of WTP derived from these two methods were found to be statistically insignificant. The value of a statistical life (VSL) and the value of an injury (VI) were estimated for car accidents, and the value was found for the annual economic welfare loss from such deaths and injuries in North Cyprus. The point estimate of the value of a statistical life (VSL) expressed in euros is Û717,000, with the 95% confidence interval from Û315,293 to Û1,117,856, and the value of an injury (VI) is Û16,885, with the 95% confidence interval from Û5,603 to Û28,186. The point estimate of the VSL for North Cyprus obtained from this study was below Û1Êmillion, which places it among the bottom 30% of the estimates made internationally for these parameters. When aggregated over the whole country for 2014, the total annual economic welfare burden was Û46.7 million, which is equivalent to a economic welfare loss of 1.5% of the gross national product (GNP) of North Cyprus in that year. |
| Keywords: | Willingness to pay; contingent value model; choice experiment; road safety; car drivers |
| JEL: | R41 G13 C35 |
| Date: | 2016–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:292&r=tre |
| By: | Medury, Aditya; Yu, Mengqiao; Bourdais, Cedric; Grembek, Offer |
| Abstract: | SafeTREC, transportation systems |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, SafeTREC, transportation systems |
| Date: | 2016–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt33d7m0h1&r=tre |
| By: | Heshmati, Almas (CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, & Department of Economics, Sogang University); C. Kumbhakar, Subal (Department of Economics, Binghamton University); Kim, Jungsuk (Institute of International and Area Studies) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the efficiency of international airlines for the period 1998-2012 by using stochastic frontier panel data models. It estimates a four-component random error cost model for multi-output airline services, separating passenger and goods transportation at the national and international levels. The model distinguishes between firm heterogeneity, time-invariant persistent inefficiency, as well as transient (time-variant) inefficiency and random error components. This model is compared with two other models in which one of the four components is missing. All the models are estimated by using the maximum likelihood method. The models produce persistent, transient and overall efficiency for each airline and time period. The outcomes indicate that the four-component model has an advantage over the traditional panel data approach of separating airline heterogeneity and time-invariant inefficiency effects. The mean and dispersion of cost efficiency amongst airlines differ by model specifications and according to their geographical area of operations. The performance difference may be a consequence of different market structures and deregulation processes, and of specific competitive conditions such as resource availability and strategic alliances with competitors. The results confirm that in general the airlines are not able to achieve full cost efficiency. We find that carriers based in the Asia region are more efficient than carriers based in the European and North American regions. The bigger airlines are unable to take advantage of economies of scale and are not more efficient than their smaller counterparts. |
| Keywords: | International airlines; firm heterogeneity; persistent inefficiency |
| JEL: | C23 C51 D24 L25 L93 N70 |
| Date: | 2016–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cesisp:0444&r=tre |
| By: | Odile Heddebaut (IFSTTAR/AME/DEST - Dynamiques Economiques et Sociales des Transports - IFSTTAR - Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux - PRES Université Paris-Est) |
| Abstract: | This article examines the possibility of two towns separated by a national border and a physical border as the English Channel to become closer following the construction of a specific transport infrastructure joining them. Does the creation of the Eurotunnel lead to the transformation of Calais and Dover in binational cities? The links between the two cities and behaviours of people crossing the English Channel are analysed. We note that if these two cities cannot be classified binational their regions that were twinned on this occasion and then extended to the 'Euroregion of five regions' Kent , Nord-Pas-de-Calais , Flanders, Wallonia , Brussels Capital represented a new area of cooperation. |
| Abstract: | Cet article examine la possibilité de deux villes séparées par une frontière nationale et une frontière physique comme la Manche de se rapprocher suite à la construction d'une infrastructure de transport spécifique les rejoignant. Est-ce que la création de l'Eurotunnel conduit à la transformation de Calais et Douvres en villes binationales? Les liens entre les deux villes et les comportements des personnes qui traversent la Manche sont analysés. Nous notons que si ces deux villes ne peuvent pas être classés binationales leurs régions qui ont été jumelées à cette occasion et ensuite étendues à l' «Eurorégion des cinq régions" Kent, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Flandre, Wallonie, Bruxelles-Capitale a représenté une nouvelle zone de la coopération. |
| Keywords: | BINATIONAL CITIES,TRANSMANCHE REGION,EUROREGION KENT,CHANNEL TUNNEL,DOUVRES,LILLE,NORD-PAS-DE-CALAIS,CALAIS,ETUDE D'IMPACT,ZONE URBAINE,ANALYSE ECONOMIQUE,TUNNEL,TRANSPORT FERROVIAIRE,FRONTIERE,BRUXELLES,KENT,MANCHE |
| Date: | 2015–04–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01355614&r=tre |
| By: | Dominique Gusbin; Bruno Hoornaert |
| JEL: | C8 R4 |
| Date: | 2016–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpb:wpaper:1608&r=tre |
| By: | Laura Roa Castro (IRT SystemX); Julie Stal-Le Cardinal (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - EA 2606 - CentraleSupélec) |
| Abstract: | During the last decades modelling and simulation technics has grown in importance in the product development context. For example, from an industrial point of view, simulation models seem to be an excellent alternative on vehicle construction and more specifically, in the decision making process. Nevertheless, the simulation activity becomes more difficult with the complexity of the product, highlighting more and more often a collaborative problem on the organization of the product development. But, how can this problem be defined? Several collaborative approaches have been proposed in this field. However, the majority of those approaches concern only one dimension of the problem. This paper introduces the Collaborative Modelling & Simulation System (CM&SS) from a systemic perspective in vehicle industry context. The systemic approach enables the definition of different dimensions of the system aiming at a successful performance of a collaborative simulation. |
| Keywords: | Collaborative design,Organization of product development,Process modelling Collaborative simulation,Systemic approach |
| Date: | 2015–07–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01347363&r=tre |
| By: | Hirte, Georg; Rhee, Hyok-Joo |
| Abstract: | We examine the working mechanisms and efficiencies of zoning (regulation of floor area ratios and land-use types) and fiscal instruments (tolls, property taxes, and income transfer), and extend the instrument choice theory to include the congestion of road and nonroad infrastructure. We show that in the spatial model with heterogeneous households the standard first-best instruments do not work because they trigger distortion of spatial allocations. In addition, because of the household heterogeneity and real estate market distortions, zoning could be less efficient than, as efficient as, or more efficient than pricing instruments. However, when the zoning enacted deviates from the optimum, zoning not only becomes inferior to congestion charges but is also likely to reduce welfare. In addition, we provide a global platform that extends the instrument choice theory of pollution control to include various types of externalities and a wide range of discrete policy deviations for any reasons beyond cost–benefit uncertainties. |
| Keywords: | infrastructure congestion,zoning,road tolls,property tax,instrument choice,heterogeneity,Infrastruktur,Verkehrsstau,Zoning,Maut,Grundsteuer,Heterogenität |
| JEL: | H21 R52 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:tudcep:0516&r=tre |