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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Alicia García-Herrero; Jianwei Xu |
| Abstract: | The Belt and Road initiative, recently embarked on by China, aims to improve cross-border infrastructure in order to reduce transportation costs across a massive geographical area between China and Europe. The authors estimate how much trade might be created among Belt and Road countries as a consequence of the reduction in transportation costs (both railway and maritime) and find that European Union countries, especially landlocked countries, should benefit considerably. This is also true for eastern Europe and Central Asia and, to a lesser extent, south-east Asia. In contrast, if China were to seek to establish a free trade area within the Belt and Road region, EU member states would benefit less, while Asia would benefit more. Xi Jinping’s current vision for the Belt and Road, centred on improving transport infrastructure, is very good news for Europe as far as trade creation is concerned. |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:wpaper:16296&r=tre |
| By: | Llorca, Manuel; Jamasb, Tooraj |
| Abstract: | Energy efficiency has become a primary energy policy goal in Europe and many other countries and has conditioned the policies towards energy-intensive sectors such as road freight transport. However, energy efficiency improvements can lead to changes in the demand for energy services that offset some of the expected energy savings in the form of rebound effects. Consequently, forecasts of energy savings can be overstated. This paper analyses the energy efficiency and rebound effects for road freight transport in 15 European countries during the 1992-2012 period. We use a recent methodology to estimate an energy demand function using a stochastic frontier analysis approach and examine the influence of key features of rebound effect in the road freight transport sector. We obtain on average a fuel efficiency of 91% and a rebound effect of 18%. Our results indicate that the achieved energy efficiencies are retained to a large extent. We also find, among other results, that the rebound effect is higher in countries with higher fuel efficiency and better quality of logistics. Finally, a simulation analysis shows significant environmental externalities costs even in countries with lower rebound effect. |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oeg:wpaper:2016/03&r=tre |
| By: | Anna Alberini (University of Maryland,USA); Markus Bareit (ETH Zurich, Switzerland); Adan Martinez-Cruz (ETH Zurich, Switzerland); Massimo Filippini (ETH Zurich, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | Many countries have adopted policies designed to reduce CO2 emissions from road vehicles. Taxes linked to the CO2 emissions rate or the fuel economy of a vehicle (which is inversely related to its CO2 emissions rate) are examples of such policies. These taxes are usually imposed on new vehicles, and previous evaluations have estimated the increases in the shares or sales of new and fuel-efficient vehicles associated with such taxes. In contrast, we ask whether taxes on new cars that penalize high emitters induce changes in the retirement of used and inefficient vehicles. We exploit natural experiment conditions in Switzerland to analyze the impact of two different “bonus”/“malus” schemes implemented at the cantonal level. In both schemes, the bonus rewards new efficient vehicles. The malus is retroactive in canton Obwalden, in the sense that it is charged on both new and existing high-emitting cars, but it is only applied prospectively to new cars in Geneva. We use a difference-in-difference design within a survival analysis setting. We find that a bonus/malus accelerates the retirement of existing high-emitting vehicles in Obwalden, shortening the expected lifetime of the three most popular make-models by 7 to 11 months. The effect is the opposite in Geneva, where we estimate that the expected lifetime of these three popular models is extended by 5 to 8 months. These findings have important implications about the desirability of bonus/malus schemes and on their design, as well as on old car scrappage programs. |
| Keywords: | Vehicle retirement, Emissions-based taxes, bonus/malus, difference-in-difference, survival analysis, Switzerland |
| JEL: | L62 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:16-257&r=tre |
| By: | Isabelle Laplace (ENAC - Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile); Chantal Latgé-Roucolle (LEEA - ENAC - Laboratoire d'Economie et d'Econométrie de l'Aérien - PRES Université de Toulouse - Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile) |
| Abstract: | ASEAN Member States are currently in a step through liberalization of air traffic market in their region. The target is the 5th freedom right for South-East Asia in 2020. Two opposite effects might be observed following the deregulation: one negative on flag carrier due to increase in competition, one positive on national and regional economies. One main issue concerns the impact of expected development of airport activity on national and regional economies. We propose an estimation of these impact, using a two stage econometric model applied to four ASEAN countries. We show that GDP is the most sensible to air traffic growth in region where only international airports are located, that is for region that exhibit the highest level of development. We show that up to the 5th freedom right, given the expectation in tourism development, national GDP is expected to increase by 9% (Myanmar) to 51% (The Philippines) depending on the country. The magnitude of the impact depends on the tourism development expectation as well as on the tourism contribution to GDP. The analysis show then that economic benefit of air transport liberalization are non-negligible for the ASEAN countries. Given the magnitude of the estimated effect, the benefits would certainly overlap the negative effect of competition on the flag carriers. |
| Keywords: | Airport capacity |
| Date: | 2016–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01338251&r=tre |
| By: | Sonagnon Hounwanou (PIESO-ENSMSE - Département Performance Industrielle et Environnementale des Systèmes et des Organisations - Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - Institut Mines-Télécom - Institut Henri Fayol, EVS - UMR 5600 Environnement Ville Société - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon III - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE] - Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne - ENSAL - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Natacha Gondran (PIESO-ENSMSE - Département Performance Industrielle et Environnementale des Systèmes et des Organisations - Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - Institut Mines-Télécom - Institut Henri Fayol, EVS - UMR 5600 Environnement Ville Société - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon III - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE] - Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne - ENSAL - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jesus Gonzalez-Feliu (PIESO-ENSMSE - Département Performance Industrielle et Environnementale des Systèmes et des Organisations - Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - Institut Mines-Télécom - Institut Henri Fayol, EVS - UMR 5600 Environnement Ville Société - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon III - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE] - Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne - ENSAL - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims, via an analysis of the literature, to propose a first modelling and assessment framework to estimate the impact of retail location and characteristics on the environment. The contribution at this point remains conceptual and methodological, but the proposed framework is able to be applied if suitable assessment tools are available. The framework combines a freight trip flow and a shopping trip flow models for vehicle and transport distance estimation, and a life cycle analysis method to convert those vehicles and distances into environmental impacts, taking into account both direct and indirect impacts. First, an overview on retailing location and the motivation of the proposed framework is presented. Second, the general methodology is described. Third, the different modelling schemes are proposed, relating them to what is proposed currently in literature. Finally, future developments are presented. |
| Keywords: | City center stores,peripheral shopping centers,freight flows,logistic movements,end-consumers' movements |
| Date: | 2016–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01357008&r=tre |
| By: | Odile Heddebaut (IFSTTAR/AME/DEST - Dynamiques Economiques et Sociales des Transports - IFSTTAR - Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux - PRES Université Paris-Est); Jean-Marie Ernecq (European Metropolis Lille- Kortrijk-Tournai - parent) |
| Abstract: | The Channel tunnel and the Eurostar TGV have been a great chance for the Nord-Pas de Calais Region replacing it in a European and French geography. The accompanying 'Transmanche plan' has provided new infrastructures, regional integration and new opportunities. They permitted the openness to Europe and neighbourhood regions and replace definitely the Region in a European dynamic. Nevertheless, the present changing economic context, new political philosophy and the wear dried up the driving forces. If the development conditions are there it lacks a new vision and a new engine. The restructuration around the Channel tunnel concession, the Port of Calais and the rail market with new operators could be the challenge for a new development for the Kent - Nord-Pas-de-Calais integrated maritime region. |
| Abstract: | Le tunnel sous la Manche et le TGV Eurostar ont été une grande chance pour le Nord-Pas de Calais le replaçant dans une géographie européenne et française. Le «plan Transmanche" d'accompagnement a fourni de nouvelles infrastructures, l'intégration régionale et de nouvelles opportunités. Ils ont permis l'ouverture vers l'Europe et les régions voisines et de replacer définitivement la région dans une dynamique européenne. Néanmoins, le changement actuel de contexte économique, la nouvelle philosophie politique et l'usure ont tari ces forces motrices. Si les conditions de développement sont là, il manque une nouvelle vision et un nouveau moteur. La restructuration autour de la concession du Tunnel sous la Manche, le port de Calais et le marché ferroviaire avec de nouveaux opérateurs pourraient être le défi pour un nouveau développement pour la région maritime intégrée du Kent - Nord-Pas-de-Calais. |
| Keywords: | ECONOMIC ANALYSIS,DOVER,ENGLISH CHANNEL,RAIL TRANSPORT,IMPACT ASSESSMENT, EUROSTAR TGV,ETUDE D'IMPACT,ZONE URBAINE,ANALYSE ECONOMIQUE,TUNNEL,TRANSPORT FERROVIAIRE,FRONTIERE,TRAIN A GRANDE VITESSE - TGV,TUNNEL SOUS LA MANCHE,BRUXELLES,LILLE,NORD-PAS-DE-CALAIS,CALAIS,DOUVRES,KENT,MANCHE |
| Date: | 2016–03–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01355621&r=tre |
| By: | Gustavo Ferro; Pablo Daniel Monterubbianesi |
| Abstract: | Este trabajo se propone responder las siguientes preguntas: ¿cuál es el nivel medio de eficiencia en el transporte de pasajeros de una muestra de aerolíneas que operan en el Hemisferio Occidental? ¿Cómo se posicionan aerolíneas latinoamericanas puestas en perspectiva con otras de países desarrollados que operan en las Américas? ¿Hay diferencias de eficiencia así definida entre las aerolíneas de la muestra? ¿A qué se deben? Para contestarlas, se emplean técnicas de frontera estocástica. Son novedades a estudios preexistentes el uso de una amplia gama de alternativas de estimación y el estudio específico de las aerolíneas latinoamericanas junto con las norteamericanas. This study aims to answer the following questions: which is the average efficiency level in passenger transportation of an airline sample operating in the Western Hemisphere? How do Latin American airlines perform in comparison with American ones? Are there technical efficiency differences between airlines of the sample? Why? To answer, we employ stochastic frontier methods and we add to precedent studies the usage of an ample set of alternative techniques and the specific consideration to Latin American airlines. |
| Keywords: | stochastic frontiers, airlines, efficiency |
| JEL: | L93 C19 |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cem:doctra:594&r=tre |
| By: | Álvarez, Inmaculada C.; Barbero, Javier; Zofío, José L. |
| Abstract: | The production function approach is used to introduce the effect of public infrastructure on economic growth focusing on its spillover effects. We improve the existing literature both from a conceptual and methodological perspective. As regressors we incorporate variables related to the new concepts of internal and imported transport infrastructure capital stocks, which are actually used in commercial flows, calculated by network analysis performed in GIS. The internally used capital stock represents own infrastructure that benefits accessing markets within the region itself, while the imported capital stock captures the spillover effect associated to the use of the infrastructure situated in neighboring regions. From a methodological perspective, we introduce spatial interdependence into these models, applying the most recent spatial econometric techniques based on instrumental variables estimation in spatial autoregressive panel models in comparison with Maximum Likelihood estimation methods. We illustrate the methodology with Spanish provincial panel data for the period 1980-2007. Results support the hypothesis that the imported capital has a positive spillover effect on production. |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oeg:wpaper:2016/02&r=tre |
| By: | KITANO Taiju |
| Abstract: | Automobile firms commonly offer multiple variants for each of their car models. Heterogeneity at the variant level is an important element to be considered when assessing attribute-based policy interventions, such as tax incentives and subsidy for green cars, because of substantial variant-level heterogeneity in the attributes within a model. This paper presents a discrete choice model of product differentiation at the variant level, and estimates the structural parameters of the econometric model using data at different levels of aggregation: model-level sales and variant-level prices and attributes. Using these estimates, this paper examines the policies to promote green cars in Japan. |
| Date: | 2016–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:16075&r=tre |
| By: | Peter Cohen; Robert Hahn; Jonathan Hall; Steven Levitt; Robert Metcalfe |
| Abstract: | Estimating consumer surplus is challenging because it requires identification of the entire demand curve. We rely on Uber’s “surge” pricing algorithm and the richness of its individual level data to first estimate demand elasticities at several points along the demand curve. We then use these elasticity estimates to estimate consumer surplus. Using almost 50 million individual-level observations and a regression discontinuity design, we estimate that in 2015 the UberX service generated about $2.9 billion in consumer surplus in the four U.S. cities included in our analysis. For each dollar spent by consumers, about $1.60 of consumer surplus is generated. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that the overall consumer surplus generated by the UberX service in the United States in 2015 was $6.8 billion. |
| JEL: | H0 J0 L0 |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22627&r=tre |
| By: | Muhammad Mirza (Superior University, Lahore-Pakistan); Rehman Muqadass (Punjab University, Lahore-Pakistan); Abdul Rahman Chaudhary (Superior University, Lahore-Pakistan); Ahmad Bazmi Nisar (Superior University, Lahore-Pakistan) |
| Abstract: | This article reports on a qualitative study, which was conducted to identify the problems faced by the general public as well as the security agencies on check posts as well as toll plazas due to lesser use of E-Tag facility for smooth movement of traffic and reduction in terrorist activities. The sample of study consisted of all the twelve persons from different classes and professions, who shared their personal experiences about this issue. A structured interview with open-ended questions was used to investigate the problems of traffic and terrorist activities. Collected data were analyzed through (transcribing and coding) the statements given by the general public. It was found that there are some serious issues on both the ends of general public as well as security agencies to maintain terrorist free movement of traffic within and outside cities of Pakistan. It was surprising to find out that there is no public awareness campaign by the government to educated general public about the use of E-Tag facility on both print and electronic media. The problem of traffic jam as well as reduction in terrorist activities can be overcome by the extensive use of modern technology likewise cameras & scanners respectively. |
| Keywords: | Public awareness,Role of media,E-Tag facility,Use of modern technology,Terrorist activities |
| Date: | 2016–08–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01355911&r=tre |
| By: | Bin Qiao (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Shenle Pan (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Eric Ballot (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates a decision-making problem consisting of less-than-truckload dynamic pricing (LTLDP) under Physical Internet (PI). PI can be seen as the interconnection of logistics networks via open PI-hubs, which can be considered as spot freight markets where LTL requests of different volume/destination continuously arrive over time for a short-stay. Carriers can bid for the requests by using short-term contract. This paper proposes a dynamic pricing model to optimise carrier's bid price to maximise his expected profits. Three influencing factors are investigated: requests quantity, carrier's capacity and cost. The results provide useful guidelines to carriers on pricing decisions in PI-hub. |
| Keywords: | Dynamic pricing model,less then truckload,transport,Physical Internet |
| Date: | 2016–07–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01326416&r=tre |