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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Cheng Keat Tang |
| Abstract: | This study exploits the introduction of the London Congestion Charge (CC) that greatly improves traffic conditions in Central London to provide new evidence on the capitalization of traffic externalities onto housing values. The Congestion Charge restricts traffic into the cordoned area by imposing a flat fee on drivers whenever they enter during charging periods. I show that the introduction of the CC in the Western Extension Zone (WEZ) increases home prices by 3.68\% relative to untreated housing units within 1 kilometre away from the CC boundary. These estimates, which measures the marginal willingness to pay to avoid negative traffic externalities, are robust to many changes in specifications, suggesting that homeowners pay to avoid traffic so as to reduce commuting time, to enjoy better air quality and less traffic noise, and to travel on safer roads. |
| Keywords: | housing prices, capitalization effects, congestion charge, traffic externalities, marginal willingness to pay, difference-in-difference |
| JEL: | R21 R31 R38 R41 Q25 |
| Date: | 2016–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:sercdp:0205&r=tre |
| By: | Malina, Christiane |
| Abstract: | A core political strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from road transportation in Germany is to incentivize the purchase of motor vehicles with relatively low tailpipe CO2 emissions. Consequently, since mid-2009, owners of new cars in Germany face an annual vehicle circulation tax that is partially levied according to vehicles' CO2 emission index. In this paper, I estimate the effect of CO2 -based vehicle circulation taxation in Germany on annual CO2 combustion emissions from passenger cars and CO2 climate costs using a nested logit approach on a novel panel-dataset containing registration, cost and vehicle characteristic information on approximately 7,000 unique vehicle models and approximately 19.5 million new vehicle registrations in Germany from 2007 to 2013. This approach first yields vehicle model specific estimates for the elasticity of new vehicle registrations with regard to the circulation tax. These elasticities are used to estimate changes in new vehicle registrations by model, which are then combined with model-specific CO2 emission factors and segment-specific annual distances driven to yield total emission changes attributable to the change in vehicle circulation tax. Finally, physical changes in emissions are converted into changes in monetary climate damages. Uncertainty in the elasticity of new vehicle registrations by segment with regard to vehicle circulation tax, the fuel economy and corresponding CO2 emission indices of vehicles, distances traveled by market segment, and in the monetary damages resulting from CO2 emissions are propagated through the analysis. Overall I find statistically significant, but relatively small reductions in CO2 emissions and climate costs due to the change in taxation: When simulating the ceteris paribus effect of the most stringent taxation regime implemented in 2014 on the pre-tax change models available in 2008, median registrations are estimated to decrease by approx. 9,500 vehicles, or 0.3 per cent of total new registrations. In addition, changes in registrations of individual vehicle models within each market segment lead to a relatively small reduction of segment- specific CO2 emission indices (0.03 to 0.1 per cent across segments). The reduction in new registrations and reduction in CO2 emission indices decrease median CO2 combustion emissions from newly registered vehicles by 35,000 t (90 per cent confidence interval: 31.000 to 39.000 t), and climate costs by € 1.1 Million (90 per cent confidence interval: € 0.1 to 2.2 Million), or 0.4 per cent of total CO2 emissions and climate costs from newly registered cars. |
| Keywords: | vehicle circulation tax,road transportation,climate costs,nested logit model |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cawmdp:86n&r=tre |
| By: | Carlos Henrique Ribeiro de Carvalho |
| Abstract: | Este Texto para Discussão apresenta as estatísticas de mortes por acidente de transporte terrestre no Brasil em 2013, bem como a evolução das mortes totais e por modalidade de transporte nos últimos quinze anos, utilizando os dados de mortalidade do Ministério da Sáude e os de internações de vítimas de acidentes de trânsito. No Brasil morrem cerca de 43 mil pessoas por ano em acidentes de trânsito, sendo os usuários de motocicleta as maiores vítimas. Este texto procura também apresentar uma discussão sobre diretrizes gerais de políticas públicas necessárias para reduzir o número de acidentes de trânsito. This paper presents the statistics of deaths from road accidents in Brazil in 2013 as well as the evolution of total deaths and mode of transport in the last 15 years using the mortality data of the Ministry of Health. In Brazil killed about 43,000 people each year in car accidents being the motorcycle users are most victims. The text also aims at providing a discussion of general guidelines for necessary public policy to reduce the number of traffic accidents. eito das aposentadorias precoces seria na redução da ocupação dos seus beneficiários (0,5% do PIB), havendo ainda um impacto adicional na produtividade dos trabalhadores (de 0,1% do PIB). |
| Date: | 2016–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipe:ipetds:2212&r=tre |
| By: | Nordsieck, Niklas; Buer, Tobias; Schönberger, Jörn |
| Abstract: | The present paper studies a generalization of the less-than-truckload pickup and delivery problem. The problem at hand arises in the hinterland of container terminal where empty and loaded containers have to be transported between a container depot and a set of customer locations. However, requests including empty containers are only partially specified. That is, either the pickup location or the delivery location of a request including the transportation of an empty container is a priori known. Customers who demand an empty container do not care which specific empty container is provided, i.e., while the delivery location is given, the pickup location is part of the problem's solution. To solve this problem, an iterated three-phase heuristic is introduced. The first phase completes the partially specified requests, the second phase solves a standard pickup and delivery problem, the third phase changes parameters of the objective function and the process iterates. Computational results on a set of 1,000 test instances are presented. |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bclgwp:5&r=tre |
| By: | Zijun Luo (Department of Economics and International Business, Sam Houston State University); Yonghong Zhou (Department of Economics, Jinan University, P.R. China) |
| Abstract: | This paper quantifies the Chinese consumers’ boycott of Japanese cars that immediately followed the anti-Japanese demonstration in September 2012.We decompose the total boycott effect into cancel effect and transfer effect. We find that the temporary cancellation of orders by potential buyers accounts for more than 90% of the total decline in Japanese car sales. Such results indicate that Japanese car makers lost these customers only for the short-run. European, Korean, American, and Chinese cars became the dominant substitutes for lost Japanese sales; Chinese brands benefited the least. This paper provides evidence of both negative and positive impacts of political conflicts for different market participants and includes analysis of welfare implications. |
| Keywords: | China; Japan; Boycott; Automobile; Political Conflict |
| JEL: | O11 F51 L62 |
| Date: | 2016–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:shs:wpaper:1608&r=tre |
| By: | Fesselmeyer, Eric (National University of Singapore); Liu, Haoming (National University of Singapore) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the network externality of a public transit system by examining the effects of its expansion on the housing market. Our results show that a major expansion of Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system increased the price of apartments within 0.5 km of a pre-expansion station by 1.6% to 2.1% relative to apartments that were further away from a station. Evaluated at the mean housing price, the expansion increased the value of pre-connected apartments by at least S$386 million, which is equivalent to about 8% of the estimated S$5 billion cost of the expansion. |
| Keywords: | public transportation, housing, network effects |
| JEL: | H4 R21 R42 H23 |
| Date: | 2016–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp10142&r=tre |
| By: | Effiong, Ekpeno |
| Abstract: | Africa’s rapid urbanization pose challenges for her sustainable development. This paper investigates the environmental impact of urbanization for 49 African countries from 1990 to 2010. Using the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) framework, a recently developed semi-parametric panel fixed-effects regression technique, and two atmospheric air pollutants, namely carbon dioxide (CO2) and ambient particulate matter PM10 emissions, the evidence indicates that urbanization reduces environmental pollution. The semi-parametric analysis reveals that the result is more pronounced with PM10 but weaker for CO2 emissions. Moreover, there is no evidence to confirm the Kuznets hypothesis of an inverted U-shaped curve between urbanization and environmental pollution. To reap the benefits of urbanization, there is need for a strategic urban planning with basic infrastructure investment that promotes a green environment. |
| Keywords: | Urbanization; Environmental Quality; STIRPAT; Semi-parametric method; Africa. |
| JEL: | C14 C33 O55 Q2 Q20 Q5 R11 |
| Date: | 2016–07–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:73224&r=tre |
| By: | Chen, Shin-Horng; Wen, Pei-Chang |
| Abstract: | This paper sets out to examine a key issue: how a latecomer, like Taiwan may develop its industry in a post catch-up manner. We make intensive inquiries into this issue via case studies on two sectors in Taiwan, namely the bicycle industry and the electric vehicle industry. One challenge to post catch-up is related to the situation where innovation model and path are at the fluid phase and where scarce opportunity for imitation is present. This has led us to giving special account to fuzzy front-end at the industrial level and how market cultivation and innovative business models come to play an important role in shaping the innovation path for post catch-up. For a couple of leading players in Taiwan’s bicycle industry, a key issue they faced was how to transform themselves and local setting in Taiwan to become a leader in high-end bicycles, in an attempt to fend off escalated international competition. In the emerging EV industry, the Taiwanese players try to overcome its structural weaknesses in the mainstream automotive industry to explore the possibility of levelling the playing field with the forerunners in the advanced countries. Our case studies suggest that technological catch-up is not necessarily a prelude to post catch-up, depending on the nature of new innovation trajectory and entry modes of the emerging industry. While the way in which a latecomer’s industry to rise in a post-catch-up manner has something to do with path dependence, something can be done to overcome the path dependence. Our analyses also lend support to the importance of product servicizing as a means of post catch-up, especially from the perspective of market cultivation. On balance, for post catch-up at an industrial level, a latecomer’s innovation system and its boundaries have to be shaped in line with the country’s level of technological accumulation, constituent firm’s strategy, the complexity of the innovation at issue, and the way in which the focal industry is emerging. |
| Keywords: | Post catch-up, technological catch-up, product servicizing, market cultivation, business model, Post catch-up, technological catch-up, product servicizing, market cultivation, business model |
| Date: | 2016–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agi:wpaper:00000113&r=tre |