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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Elena Koncheva (National Research University Higher School of Economics); Nikolay Zalesskiy (National Research University Higher School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Russian cities are traditionally characterized by high levels of public transport ridership, compared to the Western cities. Moreover, the cities were intensively developing during the Soviet era when the private transport was literally absent. Thus, it can be assumed that the spatial structure of Russian cities (as well as the spatial structure of the majority of the former USSR cities) is a perfect illustration of the Transit Oriented Development (TOD). In this paper the spatial development patterns of 13 Russian cities are analyzed to assess the current situation and the prospects for transit oriented development in the Russian Federation. À brief history of urban spatial development during the Soviet period is provided. Fundamental differences between TOD and Soviet Style Development (SSD) are discussed, such as the absence of competition between the private and public transport and the absence of private ownership of land. |
| Keywords: | urban spatial development, urban land use, land use and transportation, Soviet Style Development, Transit Oriented Development |
| JEL: | R14 R41 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hig:wpaper:04/urb/2016&r=tre |
| By: | Carlos Henrique Ribeiro de Carvalho |
| Abstract: | Nos últimos anos, no Brasil, com o aumento do transporte individual motorizado, as condições de mobilidade da população vêm se degradando muito, principalmente em função do crescimento dos acidentes de trânsito com vítimas, dos congestionamentos urbanos e também dos poluentes veiculares. A partir desse contexto, procurou-se iniciar um debate sobre os desafios mais importantes para dotar as cidades brasileiras com sistemas de mobilidade mais qualificados. Este texto apresenta alguns desses desafios destacados pelo autor, discutindo também políticas públicas necessárias para superar os problemas expostos. In recent years in Brazil, with the increase in motorized individual transport, population mobility conditions are degrading too, mainly due to the growth in traffic accidents with victims, urban congestion and also the vehicle pollutants. From this context, we tried to start a debate on the most important challenges to provide Brazilian cities with better mobility systems. This paper presents some of these challenges highlighted by the author, also discussing public policies necessary to overcome the problems exposed. |
| Date: | 2016–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipe:ipetds:2198&r=tre |
| By: | Revoltella, Debora; Brutscher, Philipp-Bastian; Tsiotras, Alexandra; Weiss, Christoph |
| Abstract: | Infrastructure investment in Europe has been adversely affected by the economic crisis, undermining both the immediate recovery and longer-term growth potential. This paper discusses recent trends before focusing on how transport infrastructure - arguably the hardest hit sector during the crisis - contributes to regional growth. It shows that firms in regions with a more developed transport network are better placed to benefit from positive growth opportunities than firms in other regions. This advantage is most pronounced in times of economic stress, making a good transport infrastructure a key ingredient for economic recovery. This indicates one channel through which the activities of the EIB can foster growth and enhance competitiveness in Europe. |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:eibwps:201601&r=tre |
| By: | Ely, Jeffrey; Garrett, Daniel F.; Hinnosaar, Toomas |
| Abstract: | We consider optimal pricing policies for airlines when passengers are uncertain at the time of ticketing of their eventual willingness to pay for air travel. Auctions at the time of departure efficiently allocate space and a profit maximizing airline can capitalize on these gains by overbooking ights and repurchasing excess tickets from those passengers whose realized value is low. Nevertheless profit maximization entails distortions away from the efficient allocation. Under regularity conditions, we show that the optimal mechanism can be implemented by a modified double auction. In order to encourage early booking, passengers who purchase late are disadvantaged. In order to capture the information rents of passengers with high expected values, ticket repurchases at the time of departure are at a subsidized price, sometimes leading to unused capacity. |
| Keywords: | airlines, overbooking, revenue management, dynamic mechanism design |
| JEL: | D42 D44 D82 |
| Date: | 2016–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:30570&r=tre |
| By: | Hugo Bois |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses about a new framework to explain the decision-making process of modal choice. A specific approach, based on the behavioral framework developed by Ben-Akiva & Boccara (1987), is adopted to understand and analyze the decision processes of individuals. Precisely, we use the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to build the hierarchy of preferences from attitudes and perceptions. Through the preferences hierarchy, we can apply three different methods to better explain the decision processes; namely a standard compensatory model, a non-compensatory model based on the decision rules, and different possible weightings of the AHP method. The random utility maximization is predominantly used in the transportation literature because of its strong theoretical background, its success in predicting many types of human behavior, and the simplicity of mathematical and statistical analyses and model estimation it offers. Despite that, we believe that non-compensatory approaches are better suited to understand both travel behaviors and decision processes for transportation modes when taking active modes into account. These approaches allow us to better explain the impacts of each modal attributes on the one hand and to build psychological profiles with respect to decision rules on the other hand. Thus, it is possible to simulate shocks all things being equal. |
| Keywords: | Modal choice; Preferences; Decision rules; Hierarchical model; AHP. |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2016-25&r=tre |
| By: | Do,Quy-Toan; Ma,Lin; Ruiz Ortega,Claudia |
| Abstract: | Piracy off the coast of Somalia took the world by surprise when, within a six-year span (2005-2011), as many as 1,099 ships were attacked, among which more than 200 were successfully hijacked. In 2012 however, attacks had plummeted with no new hijacking reported between 2013 and mid-2015. The paper quantitatively investigates the roles of two crime deterrence measures widely believed to be responsible for the collapse of Somali piracy: the deployment of international navies in pirate-infested waters and the provision of armed security guards onboard vessels. Using unique data on attacks, hijacks, and ransoms to calibrate a structural model of Somali piracy, the paper estimates the elasticity of crime with respect to deterrence and highlights the positive and negative spillovers generated by the private adoption of onboard armed security. The paper discusses counterfactual scenarios obtained by varying the intensity and composition of deterrence measures. |
| Date: | 2016–07–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:7757&r=tre |