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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Erhan Tonbul (Eskisehir Anadolu University, Turkey); Gamze Tuna (Eskisehir Anadolu University, Turkey); Nihal Erginel (Eskisehir Anadolu University) |
| Abstract: | Open vehicle routing problem (OVRP) is a special case of the well-known vehicle routing problem (VRP), which is one of the most popular optimization issues in transportation. In open vehicle problems, the ultimate goal is usually defined as finding the routes with the optimum costs, by means of fleet size and the travelled distance. Vehicles do not return to the depot after delivering their goods to the customer nodes. There is a classical approach of finding the shortest paths and minimum fleet size to solve these problems. However, most logistic companies are often interested in the load ratio of their vehicles as well. They expect their vehicles to take long distances with reasonable load ratios. For a vehicle to leave the big percentage of the load in the first delivery points and take the remaining much longer distance almost empty is an unwanted situation. In this study, a solution to the open vehicle routing problems is proposed from this perspective. To solve these kinds of NP-Hard problems, using metaheuristics is a fine way of obtaining good-enough solutions within reasonable time. In this study, a modified genetic algorithm is coded and a user-friendly decision support system is designed to solve this specific problem. |
| Keywords: | open vehicle routing, maximizing load ratio, transportation optimization, metaheuristics, modified genetic algorithm, crossover operators, hybrid metaheuristic, optimization, shortest path, minimum fleet size |
| JEL: | L91 L87 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:3606330&r=tre |
| By: | Werner, Max (Helmut Schmidt University, Hamburg); Eißing, Klaus (Olympus AG); Langton, Sebastian (GUS Group) |
| Abstract: | This research estimates the shared value created by constructing a hypothetical Hyperloop to transport cargo along 300 km in Northern Germany. Following Porter-Kramer (2011), we identified and evaluated eight factors that create shared value: travel speed, operating costs, safety, noise pollution, air pollution, climate effect/carbon footprint, separation effect/ property efficiency, and maintenance. Using official data compiled by several German institutes and organizations, we conducted comparative analysis to quantify and compare the abovementioned factors for Hyperloop and over-the-road cargo transport in Germany. Then, we monetized the individual and collective benefits of the shared value created by Hyperloop replacing a significant share of cargo transported by truck. Our findings indicate that the hypothetical Hyperloop project in Northern Germany would create €660 to €900 million of shared value annually. Our research method establishes a framework for assessing future transportation projects like Hyperloop, and our findings can be generalized to industrialized nations beyond Germany. |
| Keywords: | Transportation; Technology; Innovation; Logistic; Shared Value; Cargo transportation |
| JEL: | L99 Q55 R49 |
| Date: | 2016–05–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:vhsuwp:2016_166&r=tre |
| By: | Jie Huang; David Levinson (Nexus (Networks, Economics, and Urban Systems) Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the circuity of transit networks and examines auto mode share as a function of circuity and accessibility to better understand the performance of urban transit systems. We first survey transit circuity in the Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota, region in detail, comparing auto and transit trips. This paper finds that circuity can help to explain mode choices of commuters. We then investigate thirty-five additional metropolitan areas in the United States. The results from these areas show that transit circuity exponentially declines as travel time increases. Moreover, we find that the circuity of transit networks is higher than that of road networks, illustrating how transit systems choose to expand their spatial coverage at the expense of directness and efficiency in public transportation networks. This paper performs a regression analysis that suggests the circuity of transportation networks can estimate transit accessibility, which helps to explain mode share. |
| Keywords: | Circuity, Accessibility, Transit networks, Network efficiency, Mode share, Public transportation |
| JEL: | R14 R41 R42 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nex:wpaper:transitcircuity&r=tre |
| By: | Marco Gonzalez-Navarro; Matthew A. Turner |
| Abstract: | We investigate the relationship between the extent of a city's subway network, its population and its spatial configuration. To accomplish this investigation, for the 632 largest cities in the world, we construct panel data describing the extent of each of the 138 subway systems in these cities, their population, and measures of centralization calculated from lights at night data. These data indicate that large cities are more likely to have subways, but that subways have an economically insignificant effect on urban population growth. Consistent with economic theory and with other studies of the effects of transportation improvements on cities, our data also indicate that subways cause cities to be more decentralized. For a subset of subway cities we also observe panel data describing subway and bus ridership. We find that a 10% increase in subway extent causes about a 6% increase in subway ridership and has no effect on bus ridership. Consistent with the available literature describing the effect of roads on cities, our results are consistent with subways having a larger effect on the configuration of cities than on their sizes, and with subways having a larger effect on discretionary than commute travel. |
| Keywords: | subways, public transit, urban growth, urban decentralization |
| JEL: | L91 R4 R11 R14 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:sercdp:sercdo0195&r=tre |
| By: | Asian Development Bank (ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) (Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department, ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) (Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department, ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) |
| Abstract: | This ADB Brief by Peter Morgan, Mike Plummer, and Ganeshan Wignaraja examines the critical role of regional transport infrastructure to connect South Asia and Southeast Asia and maps $63 billion worth of road, rail, and port projects. |
| Keywords: | transport infrastructure, transport corridors, trade, south asia, southeast asia, production networks, supply chains, regional integration, regional markets, asian highway network, trans-asian railway, transport investment |
| Date: | 2015–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:asd:wpaper:abf157656&r=tre |
| By: | Olufolajimi Oke; Daniel Huppmann; Max Marshall; Ricky Poulton; Sauleh Siddiqui |
| Abstract: | We present a medium-term market equilibrium model of the North American crude oil sector via which we develop a scenario analysis to investigate strategies to mitigate the environmental and public-safety risks from crude-by-rail transportation across the United States. The model captures crude oil movements across rail- roads, pipelines and waterways, while distinguishing between light and heavy crude qualities. We find that restricting rail loads or increasing pipeline capacity from areas driving production will significantly reduce rail movements. However, lifting the United States crude oil export ban in isolation will only increase rail transportation volumes. We show that an integrated policy of targeted rail caps, pipeline investments and lifting the export ban sustainably addresses medium-term crude-by-rail risks in the United States. |
| Keywords: | Crude-by-rail, market equilibrium, mixed complementarity problem, transportation capacity, infrastructure investment |
| JEL: | Q31 Q38 L71 C61 C72 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1575&r=tre |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | Federal spending on highways does not correspond very well with how the roads are used. CBO examines three approaches lawmakers could consider to make highway spending more productive. |
| JEL: | H41 H54 H76 R41 R42 R48 |
| Date: | 2016–02–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:501500&r=tre |
| By: | Soren T. Anderson; James M. Sallee |
| Abstract: | We review what is known about the economic efficiency of fuel taxes relative to efficiency standards aimed at mitigating environmental externalities from automobiles. We present a simplified model of car choice that allows us to emphasize the relationships between fuel economy, other car attributes, and miles traveled. We focus on greenhouse gas emissions, although we note how other environmental externalities affect our conclusions. Our main conclusion—that standards are substantially less efficient than a fuel tax—is already familiar. Less familiar are points we make about the relative importance of the rebound effect, on the effects of attribute-based policies, and the implications of behavioral biases. We point to areas where we believe future research can have the greatest contribution, including work on uncertainty, heterogeneity, and empirical work in low and middle-income countries. |
| JEL: | H23 Q48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2016–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22242&r=tre |
| By: | Carlos Henrique Ribeiro de Carvalho |
| Abstract: | Este Texto para discussão (TD) apresenta alguns conceitos e legislação pertinente, assim como um modelo de caracterização das políticas tarifárias dos serviços de transporte público no Brasil. O texto apresenta também as principais variáveis regulatórias e econômicas que caracterizam uma política tarifária, discutindo os desafios atuais de redução do preço da tarifa do transporte público que foram colocados pela sociedade brasileira nas manifestações do ano de 2013. As tarifas do transporte público vêm subindo, ano após ano, acima da inflação ao mesmo tempo que os serviços perdem demanda e competitividade. O TD discute novas formas de tarifação e remuneração dos serviços sob o prisma da estrutura de análise proposta. This article presents some concepts, relevant legislation as well as a characterization model of tariff policies of public transport services in Brazil. The text also presents the main regulatory and economic variables that characterize a pricing policy, discussing the current challenges of reducing the public transport fare price that were placed by the Brazilian society in the protests of 2013. The rates of public transport have been rising year after year above inflation while the services lost demand and competitiveness. The article discusses new forms of pricing and payment for services in the light of the proposed analytical framework. |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipe:ipetds:2192&r=tre |
| By: | GIULIANO, Genevieve; KNATZ, Geraldine; HUDSON, Nathan; SYS, Christa; VANELSLANDER, Thierry; CARLAN, Valentin |
| Abstract: | Six universities from Europe, Asia and the United States participated in an evaluation of the use of innovation in the port logistics and maritime sector. Led by the BNP Paribas Fortis Chair in Transport, Logistics and Ports from the University of Antwerp, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the decision-making process and adoption of innovation using quantitative tools. This paper focuses on one of those quantitative tools, cost benefit analysis. Seventy-four separate and highly diverse innovation projects undertaken by private businesses were examined to determine if a traditional cost benefit analysis was used as part of their decision-making process. The data showed that no projects performed comprehensive cost benefit analysis, although for some projects limited cost effectiveness data were collected after the innovation was implemented. Cost benefit analysis is both complex and time consuming. It is designed for public sector decision-making, where societal costs and benefits are of concern, and where alternative policy actions are evaluated. If these innovations were implemented mainly as a result of internal decisions, use of cost benefit analysis would not be expected. The data show that 37 (50%) of the innovation projects were undertaken because of external influences, 21 (28.3%) were purely internal company decisions and 16 (21.6%) were influenced by public subsidy. Several types of innovation projects examined in this research project could be candidates for a cost benefit or cost effectiveness assessment. These are projects where environmental benefits and costs can be quantified, or where quantifiable external benefits support public investment in capital costs or in an operating subsidy. It is found that port innovation would benefit from more formalized methods of project assessment. |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ant:wpaper:2016001&r=tre |
| By: | LEILA KADAGISHVILI (Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University) |
| Abstract: | The present paper studies the transit potential of Georgia and developing perspectives. It’s noted, that strengthening of transit energy corridor is of great importance for Georgia due to its strategically important geographical location. Thanks to its transit and energy corridors, Georgia gained the status of the country that supports balancing of economic interests between European and Asian countries. Favorability of the country’s geographical location has been proved and increased since the establishment of Baku-Supsa and Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipelines. Besides these two geo-economically strategic pipelines of international importance, there are two exceptionally important gas pipelines running through the territory of Georgia: the North-South or Shah Deniz and the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum pipelines. Strategically important Georgian ports and terminals such as Batumi, Poti and Kulevi have direct connections with railway lines of Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Russia and Bulgaria. Development of port infrastructure is one of the priorities for Georgia. For this purpose, construction of deep-water port in Anaklia is of special importance. The government of Georgia has already called for investors to express interest in this project. Full utilization of its transit capacity will be beneficial for Georgia both from political and economic point of view. Due to its geopolitical location, Georgia turned out to be in the area of strategic interests of the US, EU, Russia, Turkey, Iran and China. As a result, developed countries have begun to actively cooperate with Georgia with the purpose of utilization of their predominant geopolitical and economic importance. Georgia is developing multilateral relations directed to global integration and the transit potential is one of the main preconditions of achieving competitiveness in these processes. The country has good opportunities for economic prosperity and rapid growth. The main task in this regard is to avoid threats by careful maneuvering and suggest mutually beneficial economic projects based on equal partnership to the international community. All this makes it possible to introduce economic, social, political, legal and other kinds of achievements of the West adapted with national values in Georgia. The paper concludes that due to its strategically important location Georgia is given an opportunity to become actively involved in global integration processes and use the benefit gained from these processes to ensure high rates of economic growth and increase in the competitiveness of the country. |
| Keywords: | geoeconomics, geopolitics, transit potential, integration, competitiveness. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:3606253&r=tre |
| By: | Chuleewan Praneetham (Suratthani Rajabhat University); KONGSAK THATHONG (Khon Kaen University); NONGNAPAS THIENGKAMOL (Mahasarakham University) |
| Abstract: | Increasing of tourists’ number has impact on the tourism economy and the change in the structure of the local economy and society. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to study travel behaviors of Thai and foreign tourists traveling to Surat Thani Province, Thailand, in order to be guideline for the tourism planning and development in the province, which can lead to effectiveness of tourism strategy and marketing to suit the needs of tourists and targets group. There were 798 samples in total. The data collection tool was the questionnaires. The frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used to analyze the data. The study found that tourists between the ages of 21 and 30, who had graduated with a bachelor’s degree, and worked in private business or company, mostly chose to travel to Koh Samui, Koh Phangan, and Koh Tao, respectively. Most of them chose to travel with family and friends with the aim of natural attraction. The findings revealed that most of tourists received information from the internet, friends telling and television, respectively. Time of spending was less than one week and travel cost was between 1,001- 2,000 Baht (between USD 30 - 62) per day. Moreover, the findings found that most of tourists were satisfied in transport quality at good level. However, travel cost, accommodation quality, accommodation cost, and security conditions were found at moderate levels. The overall satisfaction of the visit to Surat Thani province was at good level. |
| Keywords: | Travel, Behavior, Tourists, Surat Thani |
| JEL: | Z00 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:3605896&r=tre |
| By: | Yuntong Wang (Department of Economics, University of Windsor) |
| Abstract: | This paper takes an axiomatic approach to the revenue sharing problem for an airline alliance network. We propose a simple sharing rule that allocates the revenue of each ?ight equally among the carriers of the ?ight. We show that it is the only rule satisfying the axioms of Separability, the Null Airline Property, and Equal Treatment of Equals. We show that the rule coincides with the Shapley value of the game associated with the problem. We provide two extensions of the rule, allowing it to depend on the lengths or the capacities of the ?ight legs. We also consider the maximum revenue problem for the airline alliance. We propose a simple Integer Linear Programming model. We examine its Owen set. Lastly, we provide an algorithm to compute both the optimal solution and the revenue sharing solution given by the simple sharing rule for the maximum revenue problem. |
| Keywords: | Revenue sharing; Airline alliance; Network. |
| JEL: | C71 D70 |
| Date: | 2016–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wis:wpaper:1605&r=tre |
| By: | Max B. Sawicky |
| Abstract: | It is possible a new air navigation service provider (“ANSP”) could provide better service at reduced cost, but thus far no evidence for such a reform in the U.S. has been put forward, nor has any detailed plan been proposed. |
| JEL: | H H1 H4 D D2 D22 D72 D7 L L3 L33 |
| Date: | 2016–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:epo:papers:2016-01&r=tre |