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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Hultén, Staffan (Marketing and Strategy) |
| Abstract: | Numerous reports, research papers and debate articles have discussed how we can construct incentives that make car buyers replace gasoline and diesel cars with cars that do not use fossil fuel. In the 1990s, when electric cars and electric hybrid cars were regarded as the most promising alternatives to gasoline and diesel, different theoretical models were developed describing how society could go about building markets for radically new car technologies that challenged well entrenched technologies. In this report we empirically test through analyzing the material from a questionnaire how two of these models can explain car owners’ beliefs and attitudes as regards electric cars and plug-in hybrid cars. The two theoretical models are Bijker’s (1995) model of social construction of technology (SCOT) and the model by Rosa, Porac et. al. (2000) on how producers and consumers through interaction create meaning of a new product category. The report also addresses the role that incentives so far have played to facilitate the market introduction of cars with alternative fuel technology in Sweden, and the magnitude of public financial aid in Sweden to the different categories of so called environmental cars (miljöbilar). |
| Keywords: | car technology; product category; innovation; consumer attitudes; social construction theory; |
| Date: | 2015–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhb:hastma:2015_001&r=tre |
| By: | Diana N. Elshahawany; Eduardo A. Haddd, Michael L. Lahr |
| Abstract: | Egypt has proposed a new development corridor. A main component is a desert-based expansion of the current highway network. This network is founded on a 1200-kilometer north-south route that starts at a proposed new port near El-Alemein and runs parallel to the Nile Valley to the border of Sudan. It also includes 21 east-west branches that connect the main axis to densely populated cities on the Nile. The paper is a first attempt at an economic assessment of the impact of this proposed corridor. It uses an interregional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model developed and reported in a prior paper. Here, that model is integrated with a more detailed geo-coded transportation network model to help quantify the spatial effects of transportation cost change due specifically to changes in accessibility induced by the corridor. The paper focuses on the likely structural economic impacts that such a large investment in transportation could enable through a series of simulations related to the operational phase of the project. |
| Keywords: | Impact analysis; interregional CGE models; transport infrastructure; accessibility; Egypt |
| JEL: | R13 R42 C68 |
| Date: | 2015–11–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2015wpecon42&r=tre |
| By: | Isacsson, Gunnar (Trafikverket); Börjesson, Maria (CTS); Andersson, Matts (WSP); Anderstig, Christer (WSP) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the impact of job accessibility on wage earnings using micro-level data including all workers in the greater Stockholm region at two points in time 11 years apart. We control for both zone-specific and individual-specific fixed effects by separating workers who have changed zone of residence and those who have stayed. The accessibility is derived from the national transport model, taking into account consumer behavior and preferences for all travel modes and travel time components. A novel instrumental variable based on the temporal changes in job accessibility resulting from transport system improvements over the 11 years is applied. The elasticity of accessibility defined from the worker’s place of residence is estimated at 0.007. The elasticity of wage earnings with respect to job accessibility at the work place is only significant for workers moving work place and for those estimated at 0.036. |
| Keywords: | Cost-Benefit Analysis; Accessibility; Agglomeration effects; Wider Economic Benefits |
| JEL: | R12 R41 R42 R48 |
| Date: | 2016–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ctswps:2015_018&r=tre |
| By: | Adenbaum, Jacob (Federal Reserve Bank of NY); Copeland, Adam (Federal Reserve Bank of NY); Stevens, John J. (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.)) |
| Abstract: | The U.S. federal government enacted fuel efficiency standards for medium and heavy trucks for the first time in September 2011. Rationales for using this policy tool typically depend upon frictions existing in the marketplace or consumers being myopic, such that vehicle purchasers undervalue the future fuel savings from increased fuel efficiency. We measure by how much long-haul truck owners undervalue future fuel savings by employing recent advances to the classic hedonic approach to estimate the distribution of willingness-to-pay for fuel efficiency. We find significant heterogeneity in truck owners' willingness to pay for fuel efficiency, with the elasticity of fuel efficiency to price ranging from 0.51 at the 10th percentile to 1.33 at the 90th percentile, and an average of 0.91. Combining these results with estimates of future fuel savings from increases in fuel efficiency, we find that long-haul truck owners' willingness-to-pay for a 1 percent increase in fuel efficiency is, on average, just 29.5 percent of the expected future fuel savings. These results suggest that introducing fuel efficiency standards for heavy trucks might be an effective policy tool to raise medium and heavy trucks' fuel economy. |
| Keywords: | fuel efficiency standards; durable goods; discrete-choice demand estimation |
| JEL: | D22 L51 L92 |
| Date: | 2015–12–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2015-118&r=tre |
| By: | Ferninando Monte; Stephen J. Redding; Esteban Rossi-Hansberg |
| Abstract: | Many changes in the economic environment are local, including policy changes and infrastructure investments. The effect of these changes depends crucially on the ability of factors to move in response. Therefore a key object of interest for policy evaluation and design is the elasticity of local employment to these changes in the economic environment. We develop a quantitative general equilibrium model that incorporates spatial linkages between locations in goods markets (trade) and factor markets (commuting and migration). We find substantial heterogeneity across locations in local employment elasticities. We show that this heterogeneity can be well explained with theoretically motivated measures of commuting flows. Without taking into account this dependence, estimates of the local employment elasticity for one location are not generalizable to other locations. We also find that commuting flows and their importance cannot be accounted for with standard measures of size or wages at the county or commuting zone levels. |
| Keywords: | commuting; migration and local employment elasticities |
| JEL: | F16 J6 J61 R0 |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:65006&r=tre |
| By: | DEFRYN, Christof; SÖRENSEN, Kenneth; CORNELISSENS, Trijntje |
| Abstract: | We consider a selective vehicle routing problem, in which customers belonging to different partners in a logistic coalition are served in a single logistic operation with multiple vehicles. Each partner determines a cost of non-delivery (CND) for each of its customers, and a central algorithm creates an operational plan, including the decision on which customers to serve and in which trip. The total transportation cost of the coalition is then divided back to the partners through a cost allocation mechanism. This paper investigates the effect on the cost allocation of a partner’s strategy on non-delivery penalties (high/low) and the properties of its customer locations (distance to the depot, degree of clustering). The effect of the cost allocation method used by the coalition is also investigated. We compare the well-known Shapley value cost allocation method to our novel problem-specific method: the CND-weighted cost allocation method. We prove that an adequate cost allocation method can provide an incentive for each partner to behave in a way that benefits the coalition. Further, we develop a transformation that is able to transform any cost allocation into an individually rational one without losing this incentive. |
| Keywords: | Horizontal collaboration, Selective vehicle routing problem, Collaborative vehicle routing, Cost allocation |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ant:wpaper:2015006&r=tre |
| By: | Csizmazia, Roland Attila |
| Abstract: | Although recent worldwide sales figures of the major German automotive manufacturers (Volkswagen, Daimler, BMW) are excellent, the European sales level has not been recovered post to the crisis (Statista 2015a and ICCT 2014). Multiple reasons are responsible for this sluggish recovery. The most significant factors are the continuously decreasing levels of real income, changes of mindset, the emerging importance of sustainability, the compliance with the increasingly stringent emission rules set by governments of developed countries, and the increasing costs of vehicle ownership run by internal combustion engine. German automotive manufacturers have seen the modifications of the market environment. Hence, they have tried to find the appropriate response by both introducing electric vehicles (EVs) and services that specifically target the younger generations. The main goal of this case study is to analyze how and why German automotive manufacturers and their competitors, e.g., the German railway company, respond to these challenges by extending their value chains and how they attempt to transform from classical automotive manufacturers to mobility providers. |
| Keywords: | sustainability; automotive industry; downstream extension; value chain; car sharing; sharing economy |
| JEL: | M11 |
| Date: | 2015–11–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:68837&r=tre |
| By: | Adriano Alessandrini (Sapienza Rome University); Paolo Delle Site (University Niccolò Cusano); Valerio Gatta (Roma Tre University); Edoardo Marcucci (Roma Tre University); Qing Zhang (Sapienza Rome University) |
| Abstract: | Driverless buses running in low-speed, mixed-traffic conditions are the subject of current research and demonstration in Europe. The paper aims to assess how automation fares with respect to conventional services in terms of users' attitudes. Stated preference data, based on a questionnaire administered in twelve cities, are used for the estimation of logit models providing preference shares for the conventional and the automated bus. The correlation among errors in repeated measurement data is addressed using a multivariate version of the Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern copula, yielding a closed form for the choice sequence probability. Estimation results show a relatively higher preference for automation across the cities where the automated bus is implemented inside a major facility. Without provision of information on how the system works and with no experience, users tend not to trust automation in the normal mixed-traffic conditions that are found in cities. The impacts of socio-economic variables are heterogenous across cities. Comparison between the logit based on the independence assumption and the logit with correlated observations shows deviations in coefficient estimates as large as twenty per cent with a typical sample size of ab out two hundred respondents and four choice tasks per individual. Deviations decrease to few percent-age points when sample size is tripled. Deviations in preference shares are, however, negligible, a result which, in terms of policy implications, is indicative of the validity of the independence assumption in applied work |
| Keywords: | automated bus, stated preference, logit, correlation, Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern copula |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rcr:wpaper:02_15&r=tre |
| By: | Zhixin Dai (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - PRES Université de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Fabio Galeotti (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - PRES Université de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Marie Claire Villeval (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - PRES Université de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The concentration of high frequency controls in a limited period of time (" crackdowns ") constitutes an important feature of many law-enforcement policies around the world. In this paper, we offer a comprehensive investigation on the relative efficiency and effectiveness of various crackdown policies using a lab-in-the-field experiment with real passengers of a public transport service. We introduce a novel game, the daily public transportation game, where subjects have to decide, over many periods, whether to buy or not a ticket knowing that there might be a control. Our results show that (a) concentrated crackdowns are less effective and efficient than random controls; (b) prolonged crackdowns reduce fare-dodging during the period of intense monitoring but induces a burst of fraud as soon as they are withdrawn; (c) pre-announced controls induces more fraud in the periods without control. Overall, we also observe that real fare-dodgers fraud more in the experiment than non-fare-dodgers. |
| Keywords: | Crackdowns, fraud, risk, monitoring, transportation, field experiment |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01270808&r=tre |
| By: | Donaubauer, Julian; Glas, Alexander; Nunnenkamp, Peter |
| Abstract: | Making use of considerably improved measures of infrastructure, we assess the impact of infrastructure on bilateral trade for a panel of 37 developed and emerging economies during the period 1995-2011. We find significant and non-linear effects of overall infrastructure and infrastructure in transportation, communication, energy, and finance on trade in consumption goods, capital goods, and intermediates. Our major findings prove to be robust to various modifications and extensions of the gravity model. Importantly, we still observe significant and non-linear effects of infrastructure on bilateral trade after accounting for potential reverse causality. |
| Keywords: | trade,infrastructure,transport,ICT,energy,finance |
| JEL: | F14 O18 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkwp:2016&r=tre |