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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Takayama, Yuki; Kuwahara, Masao |
| Abstract: | This study examines effects of bottleneck congestion and an optimal time-varying congestion toll on the spatial structure of cities. To this end, we develop a model in which heterogeneous commuters choose departure times from home and residential locations in a monocentric city with a bottleneck located between a central downtown and an adjacent suburb. We then show three properties of our model by analyzing equilibrium with and without congestion tolling. First, commuters with a higher value of travel time choose to live closer to their workplace. Second, congestion tolling causes population to increase in the suburb and generates urban sprawl. Third, commuters with a higher (lower) value of travel time gain (lose) from imposing the congestion toll without toll-revenue redistribution. Our findings are opposite to the standard results of traditional location models, which consider static traffic flow congestion, and differ fundamentally from the results obtained by Arnott (1998), who considers homogeneous commuters. |
| Keywords: | bottleneck congestion; residential location; congestion toll; urban sprawl |
| JEL: | D62 R21 R41 R48 |
| Date: | 2016–01–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:68940&r=tre |
| By: | Patricia Perennes (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In most countries, passengers' rail transportation is characterized by a monopoly. Nevertheless, it does not mean that the monopolist-usually the national company-does not face competition, in the form of intermodal competition (planes, cars). This article focuses on the French national rail company (SNCF) that still has a monopoly on national passenger traffic. It analyses SNCF's pricing behavior on most of the origin/destination pairs it operates with high speed trains to/from Paris. It takes into account the fact SNCF enjoys a limited leeway to set its prices because ticket prices are still regulated in France. The existence of such a price cap regulation is an opportunity for an economist to analyse how a transportation company facing intermodal competition sets its prices. Usually, such an analysis is hard to conduct since transport prices are set following yield management principles. |
| Abstract: | Dans de nombreux pays, l'industrie ferroviaire est organisée de façon monopolistique. Cela ne signifie toutefois pas que l'entreprise en monopole, généralement une entreprise d'Etat, ne soit pas soumise à une forme de pression concurrentielle du fait de la concurrence intermodale du transport aérien et des véhicules personnels. Cet article s'intéresse à l'opérateur national ferroviaire français, la SNCF, qui est aujourd'hui encore en monopole sur le segment du transport national de passagers. Il étudie le comportement tarifaire de la SNCF sur la plupart des dessertes grande vitesse qu'elle opère depuis/en direction de Paris. Il prend en compte le fait que la SNCF ne bénéficie que d'une liberté restreinte pour fixer ses tarifs, car les prix des billets de train sont toujours régulés en France. L'existence d'une telle régulation, qui prend la forme d'un plafonnement de prix, permet à l'économiste d'étudier comment une entreprise de transport qui fait face à une concurrence intermodale détermine ses prix. Habituellement, une telle étude est difficile à entreprendre car le prix des services de transport sont régis par les principes du yield management. |
| Keywords: | Railroad,pricing strategy,intermodal competition |
| Date: | 2014–04–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-01272287&r=tre |
| By: | Mandell, Svante (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology); Proost, Stef (Center for Economic Studies, KULeuven) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes how countries with international and local truck traffic decide to switch from a simple fuel tax system to a dual system of fuel and kilometer taxes. We show what drives a country to switch and how this affects the level of fuel taxes and the incentives for the other countries to also adopt the dual system. The model is partially able to explain the gradual extension of kilometer charging for trucks in Europe. The model also shows that, in the absence of diesel cars, the gradual introduction of kilometer charges will make fuel taxation for trucks virtually disappear and will lead to a system where truck use is (1) taxed mainly based on distance, but (2) is taxed too heavily. When the fuel tax must in addition serve as an externality tax for diesel cars, the introduction of distance charges for trucks will give rise to diesel taxes that are lower than the external cost of diesel cars. For trucks, this leads to a sum of diesel taxes and distance charges that are higher than the external cost of trucks. |
| Keywords: | Diesel taxes; fuel taxes; kilometer charges; tax competition; pricing of trucks |
| JEL: | H23 H73 L91 R48 |
| Date: | 2015–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:kthrec:2015_005&r=tre |
| By: | Gabriel M. Ahlfeldt; Nicolai Wendland |
| Abstract: | We show that an employment potential capitalisation model, which establishes a spatial relationship between the price of land and the spatial distribution of employment through a transport matrix, produces estimates of the spatial decay in bilateral commuting probabilities that are very close to the decay observed in commuting data. |
| Keywords: | accessibility; commuting; employment; gravity; potential |
| JEL: | R38 R48 |
| Date: | 2015–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:65023&r=tre |
| By: | Konrad Steiner (Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz); Stefan Irnich (Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz) |
| Abstract: | This work addresses integrated line planning for inter-city bus lines which di?ers in several respects from line planning in public transit. Passengers in inter-city transportation decide on speci?c timetabled services to get to their destination. This is a contrast to an urban setting with higher frequencies, where it is generally su?cient to choose a line. Furthermore, inter-city bus transportation in deregulated markets is usually characterized by ?erce competition within and across modes. Customers are highly sensitive to price, time of day, duration, convenient access to stations, and service quality. Hence, bus line operators need to decide thoroughly on every single timetabled service they o?er in order to manage the cost and revenue consequences of network design and timetable. We provide a schedule-based modeling approach integrating aspects of dynamic demand, network planning, and timetabling. For a given line corridor, locations of potential stations and ideal service times are determined simultaneously. We analyze the performance of our branch-and-cut solution approach using data from a German inter-city bus carrier operating in a newly deregulated and quickly developing market. Moreover, we show that the integrated and schedule-based line planning often produces insightful new results that di?er signi?cantly from conventional approaches. |
| Keywords: | Integration, schedule-based modeling, inter-city bus transportation, dynamic demand, branch-and-cut |
| Date: | 2016–02–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jgu:wpaper:1608&r=tre |
| By: | Schuetz, Jenny (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.)); Giuliano, Genevieve (University of Southern California); Shin, Eun Jin (University of Southern California) |
| Abstract: | Over the past 20 years, local and regional governments in the Los Angeles metropolitan area have invested significant resources in building rail transit infrastructure that connects major employment centers. One goal of transit infrastructure is to catalyze the development of high density, mixed-use housing and commercial activity within walking distance of rail stations, referred to as Transit Oriented Development (TOD). This project examines the quantity, type, and mix of economic activity that has occurred around newly built rail stations in Los Angeles over the past 20 years. Specifically, have the number of jobs or housing market characteristics changed near stations? We use establishment-level data on employment and property-level data on housing transactions to analyze changes in several employment and housing outcomes. Results suggest that new rail stations were located in areas that, prior to station opening, had unusually high employment density and mostly multifamily rental housing. There is no evidence of changes in employment density, housing sales volume, or new housing development within five years after station opening. Regressions suggest that a subset of stations saw increased employment density within five to ten years after opening. |
| Keywords: | Urban spatial structure; public transportation; economic development; housing |
| JEL: | H4 O18 R1 R3 R4 |
| Date: | 2016–02–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2016-04&r=tre |
| By: | Dina Andriankaja (PIESO-ENSMSE - Département Performance Industrielle et Environnementale des Systèmes et des Organisations - Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - Institut Mines-Télécom - Institut Henri Fayol, EVS - UMR 5600 Environnement Ville Société - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon III - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE] - Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne - ENSAL - Ecole nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Natacha Gondran (PIESO-ENSMSE - Département Performance Industrielle et Environnementale des Systèmes et des Organisations - Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - Institut Mines-Télécom - Institut Henri Fayol, EVS - UMR 5600 Environnement Ville Société - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon III - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE] - Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne - ENSAL - Ecole nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jesus Gonzalez-Feliu (PIESO-ENSMSE - Département Performance Industrielle et Environnementale des Systèmes et des Organisations - Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - Institut Mines-Télécom - Institut Henri Fayol, EVS - UMR 5600 Environnement Ville Société - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon III - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE] - Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne - ENSAL - Ecole nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | IPSS are popular in different fields of transport, mainly for personal use (car-sharing, bike-sharing). Their usage in urban goods transport is not still generalized but those systems present a good potential. This paper proposed to assess and analyze four different scenarios for urban goods transport to compare IPSS configurations to a business as usual situation, in terms of environmental impacts. Those impacts will be estimated via a life cycle analysis (LCA) method. First, the four scenarios are presented. The first scenario is the reference one, i.e. the business as usual situation. The other three scenarios represent possible IPSS configuration, i.e. a vehicle leasing system, a vehicle sharing system and an urban consolidation system. Second, the methodology for scenario assessment using LCA is described, and the main proposed indicators defined. Third, the main results of the scenario assessment are presented, analyzed and discussed. Finally, future researches are proposed. |
| Keywords: | collaborative transport,Urban logistics,life-cycle analysis,Industrial Product-Service Systems,scenario assessment |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01152592&r=tre |
| By: | Manuel Baumann (IET/CICS.NOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, and ITAS, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Scarcity of fuels, changes in environmental policy and in society increased the interest in generating electric energy from renewable energy sources (RES) for a sustainable energy supply in the future. The main problem of RES as solar and wind energy, which represent a main pillar of this transition, is that they cannot supply constant power output. This results inter alia in an increased demand of backup technologies as batteries to assure electricity system safety. The diffusion of energy storage technologies is highly dependent on the energy system and transport transition pathways which might lead to a replacement or reconfiguration of embedded socio-technical practices and regimes (by creating new standards or dominant designs, changing regulations, infrastructure and user patterns). The success of this technology is dependent on hardly predictable future technical advances, actor preferences, development of competing technologies and designs, diverging interests of actors, future cost efficiencies, environmental performance, the evolution of market demand and design and evolution of our society. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy, Electric energy, Transition pathways, Batteries |
| JEL: | O31 R40 |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ieu:wpaper:61&r=tre |
| By: | Ilker Ersegun Kayhan (Chevening/Abdullah Gül Research Fellow, Oxford Center for Islamic Studies, University of Oxford); Glenn P. Jenkins (Queen’s University, Canada and Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus) |
| Abstract: | Minimum-traffic guarantees for build-operate-transfer toll-road projects are contingent liabilities that expose government to fiscal risk. Therefore, public authorities must value guarantees, thereby enabling informed decision-making about the level and type of guarantee provision. This study demonstrates the use of financial modeling and risk analysis in a toll-road project in Turkey, contributing to the narrowing of a capacity gap in the field. We present three types of guarantee, modeled as real options and evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation. We identify one criterion to determine the optimum level of guarantee for a given project, and one criterion to measure the extent to which a guarantee will reduce risk. Based on these and other complementary criteria, it is proposed that the guarantee with income ceiling is the most appropriate for the project considered here. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of the findings. |
| Keywords: | Contingent liabilities, government guarantees, real options, cost-benefit analysis, public-private partnerships, infrastructure, Turkey. |
| JEL: | G13 D61 H54 L33 |
| Date: | 2016–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:284&r=tre |
| By: | McCully, Brett (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.)); Pence, Karen M. (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.)); Vine, Daniel J. (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.)) |
| Abstract: | We use data from three nationally representative surveys to document that very few households report purchasing cars with home equity lines of credit or the proceeds from a cash-out refinancing. Households that do report using these sources of funds to purchase cars tend to be affluent and appear to have ample access to credit. These findings suggest that an easing of home-equity borrowing constraints was not the major factor driving any relationship between home prices and car sales during the housing boom in the 2000s. We discuss other mechanisms that might underlie this relationship. |
| Keywords: | Auto loans; auto sales; cash-out refinancing; home equity; home equity lines of credit; mortgage refinancing; motor vehicles |
| Date: | 2015–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2015-106&r=tre |
| By: | Paradowska, Monika; Platje, Joost |
| Abstract: | The importance of transport for human development is rather unchallenged. Transport is fundamental for the functioning of markets in general, and the labour market in particular, including the labour it needs for its own functioning. The aim of this article is to identify and assess key challenges in the labour market in the transport sector in the European Union, and present some disputable issues related to activities aiming at dealing with these challenges. First, the direct and indirect importance of transport for the European labour market is discussed. Then, the key challenges in the European labour market are identified. Finally, some potential directions of development and their possible impact on employment in the transport sector are discussed. |
| Keywords: | transport labour market,European Union,challenges,policy on transport employment |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:opodis:201603&r=tre |
| By: | Zhixin Dai (Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69007, France ; CNRS, GATE Lyon St Etienne,F-69130 Ecully, France); Fabio Galeotti (Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69007, France ; CNRS, GATE Lyon St Etienne,F-69130 Ecully, France); Marie Claire Villeval (Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69007, France ; CNRS, GATE Lyon St Etienne,F-69130 Ecully, France) |
| Abstract: | The concentration of high frequency controls in a limited period of time (“crackdowns”) constitutes an important feature of many law-enforcement policies around the world. In this paper, we offer a comprehensive investigation on the relative efficiency and effectiveness of various crackdown policies using a lab-in-the-field experiment with real passengers of a public transport service. We introduce a novel game, the daily public transportation game, where subjects have to decide, over many periods, whether to buy or not a ticket knowing that there might be a control. Our results show that (a) concentrated crackdowns are less effective and efficient than random controls; (b) prolonged crackdowns reduce fare-dodging during the period of intense monitoring but induces a burst of fraud as soon as they are withdrawn; (c) pre-announced controls induces more fraud in the periods without control. Overall, we also observe that real fare-dodgers fraud more in the experiment than non-faredodgers. |
| Keywords: | Crackdowns, fraud, risk, monitoring, transportation, field experiment |
| JEL: | C91 D83 K42 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gat:wpaper:1607&r=tre |
| By: | Benjamin Leo, Robert Morello, and Vijaya Ramachandran |
| Abstract: | The need for infrastructure improvements is a top-tier economic, political, and social issue in nearly every African country. Although the academic and policy literature is extensive in terms of estimating the impact of infrastructure deficits on economic and social indicators, very few studies have examined citizen demands for infrastructure. In this paper, we draw upon survey data to move beyond topline estimates of national infrastructure access rates towards a more nuanced understanding of service availability and citizen demands at the regional, national, and sub-national level. We find a predictable pattern of infrastructure services across income levels—lower income countries have fewer services. The survey data also allows us to observe the sequencing of infrastructure services. On the demand side, survey respondents are most concerned with jobs and income-related issues, as well as with the availability of infrastructure: specifically transportation and sanitation. These priorities transcend demographic factors, including gender and location (urban/rural). |
| Keywords: | infrastructure, infrastructure access, Africa. |
| JEL: | O18 O55 |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:393&r=tre |
| By: | Klein,Michael U. |
| Abstract: | This paper provides perspectives on patterns of public-private partnerships in infrastructure across time and space. Public-private partnerships are a new term for old concepts. Much infrastructure started under private auspices. Then many governments nationalized the ventures. Governments often push infrastructure providers to keep prices low. In emerging markets, the price of water covers maybe 30 percent of costs on average, that of electricity some 80 percent of costs. This renders public infrastructure ventures dependent on subsidies. When governments run into fiscal troubles, they often look again for public-private partnerships, and price increases. As a result, public-private partnerships keep making a comeback in most countries, but are not always loved. Waves of interest in public-private partnerships sweep different countries at different times. Overall, in emerging markets today, public-private partnerships account for some 20 percent of infrastructure investments, with wide variations across countries and from year to year. There is no ?killer? rationale for public-private partnerships. They can help raise financing when governments face borrowing constraints. They can be more efficient when sound incentives are applied. Existing evaluations suggest public-private partnerships tend to perform often a bit better than public provision. Yet, well-run governments can do as well. Public-private partnerships provide mechanisms to improve the governance of infrastructure ventures where governments are flawed. Once the fiscal troubles are over, the politics of pricing assert themselves again. Tight pricing erodes the profitability of public-private partnerships and the wheel of privatization and nationalization keeps turning, as it has since modern infrastructure services were invented. |
| Keywords: | Transport Economics Policy&Planning,Public Sector Development,Private Participation in Infrastructure,Debt Markets,Infrastructure Economics |
| Date: | 2015–06–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:7340&r=tre |
| By: | Chatman, Daniel G |
| Keywords: | Architecture, Arts and Humanities, Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2015–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:uctcwp:qt5bd1w6n1&r=tre |