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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Frédéric Dobruszkes; Véronique Mondou; Aymen Ghedira |
| Abstract: | At a time when the liberalisation of air transport is increasingly being promoted as a means to induce the growth of the tourism business, it is striking that there is little evidence to suggest that such liberalisation has indeed led to a growth in tourism. Furthermore, the evidence is usually restricted to the impacts of sole low-cost airlines on tourist destinations newly served by such airlines. In contrast to various ideological or naïve statements, this paper shows that assessing the relationship between liberalised air markets and trends in tourism is challenging. On the transport side, aviation liberalisation is rarely considered as a dimension that can be measured accurately; similar protected markets are not considered for comparison; and trends in charter flights are neglected. On the tourist side, broad definitions of so-called tourists are usually considered and include immigrants visiting their home country; nights spent are neglected, despite a possible trend in declining length of stay; and substitution between places is usually disregarded, as are the long-term effects. |
| Keywords: | Aviation liberalisation; Low-cost airlines; Charter airlines; Tourism; Leisure travel; Visits to friends and relatives; Morocco; Tunisia |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/224514&r=tre |
| By: | Bello, Omar (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations); Phillips, Willard (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations); Indar, Delena (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, the main factors that influence the demand for maritime passenger transportation in the Caribbean were studied. While maritime studies in the Caribbean have focused on infrastructural and operational systems for intensifying trade and movement of goods, there is little information on the movement of persons within the region and its potential to encourage further integration and sustainable development. Data to inform studies and policies in this area are particularly difficult to source. For this study, an unbalanced data set for the 2000-2014 period in 15 destinations with a focus on departing ferry passengers was compiled. Further a demand equation for maritime passenger transportation in the Caribbean using panel data methods was estimated. The results showed that this demand is related to the real fare of the service, international economic activity and the number of passengers arriving in the country by air. |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:39825&r=tre |
| By: | Joana Pais; José Pedro Pontes |
| Abstract: | In an economy where different agents undertake simultaneous and interdependent investments, this paper models the possibility that the outcome where some players invest and others do not invest is sustained in Nash equilibrium. It is well known that in models where all goods are financed through prices charged by the suppliers (“tolls” in the case of transport infrastructures), there are only two coordination equilibria: the “Big push” equilibrium, where every agent involved invests; and the “Poverty trap”, whenever none invests. We consider a two person simultaneous game, where the Government decides whether to build a highway and a firm producing a composite good decides whether to use it. Instead of resorting to tolls, the infrastructure is funded through an income tax that falls on wages. Having the Government supplying the highway and the firm not using it is a Nash equilibrium if the employment generated by the construction of the highway is intermediate and the rate of the wage income tax is high. The proliferation of unused transport infrastructures in Southern Europe seems to be related with low effects of public works upon the demand for labor and with demanddepressing “austerity” macroeconomic policies. |
| Keywords: | Balanced growth, Big Push, Spatial Concentration, Infrastructures Policy, noncooperative games. |
| JEL: | C72 R11 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ise:isegwp:wp012016&r=tre |
| By: | Frédéric Dobruszkes; Anne Graham |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/224517&r=tre |
| By: | van Wagenberg, Coen; Oosterkamp, Elsje; van Asseldonk, Marcel; Baltussen, Willy |
| Keywords: | cost fenefit analysis, animal welfare, Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa148:229265&r=tre |
| By: | Gabriel J. Felbermayr; Alexander Tarasov |
| Abstract: | The distribution of transport infrastructure across space is the outcome of deliberate government planning that reflects a desire to unlock the welfare gains from regional economic integration. Yet, despite being one of the oldest government activities, the economic forces shaping the endogenous emergence of infrastructure have not been rigorously studied. This paper provides a stylized analytical framework of open economies in which planners decide non-cooperatively on transport infrastructure investments across continuous space. Allowing for intra- and international trade, the resulting equilibrium investment schedule features underinvestment that turns out particularly severe in border regions and that is amplified by the presence of discrete border costs. In European data, the mechanism explains about a fifth of the border effect identified in a conventionally specified gravity regression. The framework sheds light on the welfare costs of second best investment schedules, on the effects of intercontinental trade or of privatized infrastructure provision. |
| Keywords: | Economic Geography;International Trade;Infrastructure Investment;Border Effect Puzzle |
| JEL: | F11 R42 R13 |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cii:cepidt:2015-29&r=tre |
| By: | Chunbo Ma (School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Western Australia); David I. Stern (Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University) |
| Abstract: | Meta-analyses of interfuel and capital-energy elasticities of substitution show that elasticity estimates are dependent on the type of data – time series, panel, or cross-section – and the estimators used. Econometric theory suggests that the between estimator might generate the best estimates of long-run elasticities but no existing estimates of elasticities of substitution have used it. Alternatively, Chirinko et al. argued in favor of estimating long-run elasticities of substitution using a long-run difference estimator. We provide estimates of China’s interfuel and interfactor elasticities of substitution using the between and long-run difference estimators. To address potential omitted variables bias, we add province level inefficiency and national technological change terms to our regression model. The results show that demand for coal and electricity in China is very inelastic, while demand for diesel and gasoline is elastic. With the exception of gasoline and diesel, there are limited substitution possibilities among the fuels. Substitution possibilities are greater between energy and labor than between energy and capital. The results are quite different to some previous studies for China but coincide well with the patterns found in meta-analyses for long-run estimates of elasticities of substitution. |
| Keywords: | energy; substitution; elasticity; demand; China |
| JEL: | D24 Q40 |
| Date: | 2016–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:ccepwp:1602&r=tre |