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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Sheng Yang; Ling-Yun He |
| Abstract: | China's rapid economic growth resulted in serious air pollution, which caused substantial losses to economic development and residents' health. In particular, the road transport sector has been blamed to be one of the major emitters. During the past decades, fluctuation in the international oil prices has imposed significant impacts on the China's road transport sector. Therefore, we propose an assumption that China's provincial economies are independent "economic entities". Based on this assumption, we investigate the China's road transport fuel (i.e., gasoline and diesel) demand system by using the panel data of all 31 Chinese provinces except Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. To connect the fuel demand system and the air pollution emissions, we propose the concept of pollution emissions elasticities to estimate the air pollution emissions from the road transport sector, and residents' health losses by a simplified approach consisting of air pollution concentrations and health loss assessment models under different scenarios based on real-world oil price fluctuations. Our framework, to the best of our knowledge, is the first attempt to address the transmission mechanism between the fuel demand system in road transport sector and residents' health losses in the transitional China. |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1512.01742&r=tre |
| By: | Riley Wilson; Sebastián J. Miller |
| Abstract: | Growing vehicle use and congestion externalities have led many to consider alternative congestion pricing mechanisms, as road pricing often has high infrastructural costs and faces public opposition. This paper explores the role of parking taxation in reducing congestion by considering a natural experiment created by the progressive January 1, 2012 Chicago parking tax increase. Exploiting differences in vehicle use across income groups, it is estimated that the approximately $2 a day parking tax increase led to a 4-6 percent reduction in total vehicle trips in high-income areas, with the largest response seen on roads more heavily used by commuters. Also found are corresponding increases in use of public transit and a 3. 1 percent aggregate reduction in vehicle trips. It is concluded that parking taxes can help mitigate congestion externalities, although they are no more than about half as effective as more efficient congestion tolls. |
| Keywords: | Taxation, Income, Consumption & Saving, Wages, Development Banks, Congestion, Second-best pricing, Traffic, Parking, Parking tax, Parking demand, IDB-WP-614 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:91742&r=tre |
| By: | Sergey M. Plaksin (National Research University Higher School of Economics); Alexander S. Kondrashov (National Research University Higher School of Economics); Elizaveta V. Yastrebova (National Research University Higher School of Economics); Ekaterina M. Reshetova (National Research University Higher School of Economics); Nikita A. Krupenskiy (National Research University Higher School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | The implementation of Intelligent Transportation System elements into the toll plaza system is an actual topic nowadays and its positive effect is the subject of wide speculations. It is considered that the toll plaza Intelligent Transportation System can play a significant role in construction and operating costs reduction and improve the traffic safety. Also, the implementation of the Intelligent Transportation System elements provides the CO2 emissions reduction and increases the level of toll road user satisfaction. However, the usage of these elements at toll plazas has some disadvantages. While the usage of the old-school (manual) toll collection technology provides 100% toll collection rate, the implementation of the Intelligent Transportation System elements at toll roads entails toll payment deficiency. Discussion as whether to use the old technology or to implement the Intelligent Transportation System elements is the right way to operate toll roads and toll plazas forms a point of departure for this paper. This article focuses on the economic, social and environmental effects of the implementation of the Intelligent Transportation System elements at toll roads. Almost all kinds of positive and negative effects of the Intelligent Transportation System elements implementation are evaluated in money terms and made on the basis of author’s calculations and sociological researches data |
| Keywords: | toll road, Intelligent transportation system, toll collection, Russia, environmental effect |
| JEL: | R49 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hig:wpaper:02/urb/2015&r=tre |
| By: | Riccardo Crescenzi; Marco Di Cataldo; Andrés Rodríguez-Pose |
| Abstract: | Transport infrastructure investment is a cornerstone of growth-promoting strategies. However, in the case of Europe the relevant literature is increasingly failing to find a clear link between infrastructure investment and economic performance. This may be a consequence of overlooking the role of government institutions. This paper assesses the connection between regional quality of government and the returns of different types of road infrastructure in EU regions during the period between 1995 and 2009. The results unveil a strong influence of regional quality of government on the economic returns of transport infrastructure. In weak institutional contexts, investments in motorways – the preferred option by local governments – yield significantly lower returns than the more humble but possibly more efficient secondary road. Government institutions also affect the returns of transport maintenance investment. |
| Keywords: | Transport infrastructure, Public capital investment, Economic growth, Institutions, Government quality, Regions, Europe. |
| JEL: | O43 R11 R40 R58 |
| Date: | 2015–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gov:wpaper:1508&r=tre |
| By: | Barriga, Oswaldo (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | The limitations faced by landlocked countries have an impact upon economic and social development since landlocked countries are highly dependent on the transportation infrastructure of neighboring countries to access maritime routes. This results in an increase in the time and cost to trade —factors which can significantly reduce the competitiveness and complementarity of the exports of a landlocked country as well as increase the price of imports. Studies indicate that the Plurinational State of Bolivia’s landlockedness results in losses estimated at 0.5% to 2% of GDP annually. However, some studies, as well as international evidence, conclude that developing adequate logistics and infrastructure is a way of increasing efficiency and contributing to the overall economy. In some countries, the investment in logistics reaches almost 25% of GDP. In this vein, investing in infrastructure, transportation and logistics are significant factors in fostering economic and social development. |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37035&r=tre |
| By: | Kreuzer, Fabian Maximilian; Wilmsmeier, Gordon (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Much analysis and proposals on sustainable transport policies have been developed around the world, both at government and research institutions. It is clear that no action will provide the single solution and it is imperative to act simultaneously on: i) improvement of technology in vehicles, leading to increased energy efficiency; ii) the change in driver behavior, to use less fuel per kilometer; iii) reducing the distances traveled per vehicle; and iv) a change in the type of travels towards more sustainable modes of transport.In general, the recommendations for energy efficiency in transport are mainly focused on the first two priorities on the list, while the portfolios of policies —instrumental to the needs of the countries— should use trans-sectoral and multi-dimensional approaches, such as public transport planning and land use. In ECLAC, we consider that the time has come to provide Latin American and Caribbean countries with a deeper understanding and a more strategic vision (and adapted to the realities of the region) on these issues; in this sense, we hope that this document will help countries to improve and further expand their portfolios of energy efficiency policies in the transport sector, in order to achieve the ambitious goals of energy efficiency, needed to ensure a sustainable energy future. |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37148&r=tre |
| By: | Thomas Longden (Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies - The University of Sydney Business School Faculty of Business and Economics - Macquarie University) |
| Abstract: | Previous studies have found an inverse (or negative) correlation between urban population density and per capita emissions from land transport. In contrast, this paper finds a positive relationship between per capita CO2 emissions from transport and population density using a dataset of over 200 cities from 28 countries. This positive relationship holds when a range of variables are accounted for and the specification of the regression analysis captures the distinction between country level differences, high/low emission intensity or city specific fixed effects. Separating the cities into two groups based on the clustering that occurs on either side of a crucial point of three tonnes of CO2 emissions per capita highlights the peculiarity of the higher emission intensity of North American cities. Rather than finding a consistent relationship across all cities, this paper finds that cities in North America are distinct from those located in other countries and that the estimated relationship between urban population density and emissions from transport is different across the two groups of countries. The results of this paper have consequences for policy prescriptions that are related to previous results that find that a reduction in per capita emissions tends to occur with an increase population density. |
| Keywords: | Transport, CO2 Emissions, Population Density |
| JEL: | R40 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.47&r=tre |
| By: | Emanuel, Elizabeth; Gomes, Charmaine (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | Like many other Caribbean countries, Grenada, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines are almost entirely dependent on imported petroleum as their primary source of energy. In this regard, many countries in the subregion have taken a strategic approach to long-term planning in the energy sector towards creating higher levels of efficiency on both the demand and supply sides as well as promoting diversification in the energy mix. Within this context, this study was conducted to present mechanisms to improve energy efficiency (EE) in the transport sector in Grenada, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. For each country, the report presents a brief description of current trends in energy consumption generally as well as energy issues in the transport sector and programmes, initiatives and regulatory mechanisms currently in place that are contributing to energy efficiency in the sector. |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:37257&r=tre |
| By: | Michael Jakob (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Chang and Potsdam Institute for Climate Change Impact Research); Claudine Chen (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change); Sabine Fuss (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change); Annika Marxen (Technical University Berlin and Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change); Narasimha Rao (International Institute of Systems Analysis); Ottmar Edenhofer (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, Potsdam Institute for Climate Change Impact Research and Technical University Berlin) |
| Abstract: | Introducing a price on greenhouse gas emissions would not only contribute to reducing the risk of dangerous anthropogenic climate change, but would also generate substantial public revenues. Some of these revenues could be used to cover investment needs for infrastructure providing access to water, sanitation, electricity, telecommunications and transport. In this way, emission pricing could promote sustainable socio-economic development by safeguarding the stability of natural systems which constitute the material basis of economies while at the same time providing public goods that are essential for human well- being. An analysis of several climate scenarios with different stabilization targets and technological assumptions reveals that emission pricing has a substantial potential to close existing access gaps. |
| Keywords: | Q31, H54 |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.94&r=tre |
| By: | - (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | America is one of the priority areas of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) of the United Nations and, in particular, of ECLAC Natural Resources and Infrastructure Division (NRID). Prepared as a contribution to the United Nations Development Account Project: “Facilitating the Effective Integration of Developing Countries in the Global Economy through Aid for Trade Schemes”, ROA 139-7, the present document presents the main activities, carried out by NRID for the benefit of the landlocked developing countries since the adoption of the Almaty Programme of Action: addressing the special needs of the Landlocked Developing Countries. It is intended to serve as an inventory of the Division’s studies and projects in the area, highlighting the main conclusions and policy recommendations resulting from these activities. In line with this objective, the document presents the results of the NRID work in the following three areas: • Linking Landlockedness and development (Chapter II) • Status of landlocked countries in Latin America (Chapter III) • Logistics in landlocked countries (Chapter IV) • Landlocked developing countries and the Aid for Trade initiative (Chapter V) The concluding Chapter deals with the Aid for Trade initiative and identifies the activities in the area of infrastructure and logistics where Aid for Trade would be beneficial for landlocked countries in Latin America. |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:36953&r=tre |
| By: | Nathalie Picard (Université Paris Saclay, THEMA - Théorie économique, modélisation et applications - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Cergy Pontoise, Department of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Polytechnique - X); Sophie Dantan (ENS Cachan - École normale supérieure - Cachan, Université Paris Saclay); André De Palma (ENS Cachan - École normale supérieure - Cachan, Department of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Polytechnique - X, Université Paris Saclay) |
| Abstract: | We analyze couples mode choice, with an application in Paris region. When spouses’ commuting decisions are assumed to be independent – the standard assumption – the model poorly reproduces intra-household decisions. We set up a model of joint decision, which provides more plausible results and exhibits a greater predictive power. We estimate the determinants of the bargaining power (spouses’ age, nationality, type of job contract, tenure status and number of children) using a collective model. To control remaining endogeneity issues, we finally model the joint choice of car ownership and mode choice. Values of time are computed for driving alone and together. |
| Keywords: | endogeneity, collective models,Commuting, mode choice, unitary models, car ownership |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01232229&r=tre |
| By: | Sabonge, Rodolfo (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) United Nations) |
| Abstract: | This paper describes the role of the Panama Canal in establishing and opening new global trade routes as well as the ambitious expansion project currently underway designed to meet the needsof the XXIth century global trade. |
| Date: | 2014–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:37039&r=tre |
| By: | Fabio Grazi (Agence Française de Développement, Research Directorate); Henri Waisman (Centre International de Recherche sur l’Environnement et le Développement) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents an integrated model of urban agglomeration economies within a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of global economic activity, energy use and carbon emissions to explore the theoretical and empirical nature of the interdependence of cities and the world economy in a climate policy context. Based on calibration data for 74 major OECD agglomerations, the integrated model is used to gauge the long-term impact of: i) global carbon pricing on urban systems and the economic activity; ii) urban infrastructure development on the economic costs of curbing carbon emissions. Importantly, it is found that combining urban infrastructure and carbon pricing allows for stringent emissions reduction targets, while still avoiding the economic and welfare costs of the carbon price only. |
| Keywords: | Calibration, Cities, Hybrid Energy-Economy Modeling, New Economic Geography, Trade and Transport, Urban Infrastructure, Welfare |
| JEL: | C68 R12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2015.61&r=tre |