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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Steve Gibbons |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:sercpp:013&r=tre |
| By: | Valerio Gatta (University of Roma Tre and CREI); Edoardo Marcucci (University of Roma Tre and CREI) |
| Abstract: | This paper derives policy implications concerning a specifically developed questionnaire administration procedure aimed at eliciting agent-s pecific preferences for alternative policy variables with respect to the implementation of pol icy changes in the case of urban freight transport. In particular the research, based on the case of Rome’s Limited Traffic Zone, discusses alternative policy implementations whose impact can be tested ex-ante given the elicitation method adopted. After describing attribute definition and selection, questionnaire administration, data collection and treatment, will ingness to pay estimates are calculated. The paper tests, from a policy-maker’s perspective, the implications deriving from the presence of inter-agent heterogeneity and the specific composition of an improving and equally impacting policy on all agent-types’ utility. The paper shows how an agent-specific approach might increase decision makers’ awareness and help them taking better decisions. |
| Keywords: | urban freight policy, agent-type heterogeneity, ex-ante reactions, stated preferences, discrete choice modelling, and willingness to pay |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rcr:wpaper:01_14&r=tre |
| By: | Vicente Correia Lima Neto; Daniel Rodrigues Aldigueri |
| Abstract: | O objetivo deste artigo é apontar a necessidade e a importância do uso de técnicas de análise multicritério (AMC) na avaliação do projeto de transportes segundo os grupos afetados. Essa importância também é avaliada considerando o perfil dos atores e mostrando a relevância da diferenciação dos pesos em relação às características desse perfil. Esta pesquisa foi aplicada a um tipo de ator, o usuário de rodovias federais, que compõe duas classes de motoristas: condutores de veículos leves e condutores de veículos pesados. Os impactos do projeto foram analisados em relação aos potenciais benefícios gerados para os usuários das rodovias, segundo os critérios utilizados em metodologia de análise de propostas de percepção dos usuários da estrada para a importância destes critérios e, consequentemente, seu impacto sobre a avaliação do projeto de estrada. Apurou-se que a distinção entre usuários, de acordo com as variáveis, tipo de veículo usado: veículo leve (VL) e veículo pesado (VP), região da rodovia onde será aplicado e o nível de escolaridade seria de grande importância na avaliação de projetos rodoviários. É visto que a determinação de perfis dos motoristas na rodovia é importante para a obtenção de pesos adequados para a avaliação do projeto da estrada; isso também pode ser feito para a ponderação de outros critérios utilizados em diversos métodos existentes de transporte geral concentrado em outros atores. The aim of this paper is to point out the need and importance of multi-criteria weighting in road project assessment in the interests of the group affected by the project. This importance is also assessed considering the actors’ profile, showing the relevance of the differentiation of the weights in relation to the profile characteristics. This research was applied to one type of actor, road users, divided into two classes of drivers: driver’s light vehicles (LV) and driver’s heavy vehicles (HV). These impacts of the road project were analyzed in relation to the potential benefits generated for road users, by the project, corresponding to the criteria utilized in the proposed analysis methodology of road users’ perception of the importance of these criteria and consequently its impact on the road project assessment. It was found that distinguishing between users according to the variables, type of vehicle used (HV or LV), region where the road will be implemented and the level of education would be of great importance in assessing road projects. It is seen that the determination of highway driver’s profiles is important for obtaining adequate weights for road project assessment: this can also be done for weighting other criteria used in other existing methods of general-transport project assessment and focus on others actors. |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipe:ipetds:2079&r=tre |
| By: | Claudio Ferraz; Ronaldo Seroa da Motta |
| Abstract: | Air pollution concentrations have been rapidly increasing in the major urban areas of Brazil caused mainly by the increasing use of vehicles. In the presence of this negative externality, environmental regulation is required. Car emission control policies in Brazil have relied basically on mandatory emission standards and subsidies for specific cleaner technology resulting in substantial decrease of car emission rates. Nevertheless, car sale taxes, differentiated by vehicles’ size and fuel, have also influenced car emission patterns. This paper analyzes the compliance trend of the Brazilian fleet with environmental standards between 1992 and 1997. We find that larger automobiles had the fastest compliance schedule while popular models adjusted very slowly. Also gasoline-fueled models had a faster adjustment pattern than ethanol cars. Additionally, we analyze the current relationship between pollution emissions and car characteristics in order to orient policy formulation. We find a positive relationship between emissions rates and horse power, concluding that although the current value added-sale car tax is not environmental harmful, a tax differentiating clean from dirty models, within each tax bracket, could create substantial incentives for emission control in the future. A concentração da poluição do ar tem crescido rapidamente nas grandes regiões metropolitanas do Brasil devido, principalmente, ao crescente uso de veículos automotivos. Na presença desta externalidade negativa, a regulação ambiental faz-se necessária. A política de controle de emissões de poluentes automotivos no Brasil, implementada basicamente com uso de mecanismos de comando e controle e incentivo fiscal, resultou em redução significativa na emissão média de poluentes nos carros novos. Não obstante, o imposto (IPI) sobre a venda de automóveis, diferenciado por combustíveis e potência, também influenciou na evolução das emissões de poluentes. Este trabalho analisa a evolução do atendimento às metas de emissão de poluentes veiculares da legislação ambiental entre 1992 e 1997. Os resultados indicam que os carros grandes, que obtiveram incentivo fiscal, tiveram ajuste mais rápido enquanto os carros populares realizaram ajuste mais lento. Além disso, carros a gasolina ajustaram sua tecnologia mais rápido do que os carros a álcool. Adicionalmente, analisamos a relação entre emissões e características dos automóveis novos vendidos em 1997. Os resultados indicam a existência de uma relação positiva entre taxas de emissão e potência. Concluímos que, embora a atual estrutura do IPI não esteja em oposição aos carros mais limpos, a adoção de alíquotas diferenciadas dentro de cada categoria, menor para os mais limpos e maior para os mais sujos, criaria incentivos para que o controle das emissões de poluentes veiculares fosse realizado de forma mais custo-efetiva. |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipe:ipetds:0086&r=tre |
| By: | Bergantino, Angela Stefania; De Carlo, Angela; Morone, Andrea |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to analyse the trade-off between parking space availability and cost, in terms of time saving. This information is pivotal when designing parking policies in terms of fares, investments and regulation. A relevant body of literature has focused on parking behaviour (e.g. travellers’ choice of parking type and location). However, little attention has been devoted to understand how risk and uncertainty influence drivers’ behaviours in parking decision. This paper address the parking choice problem by means of a laboratory experiments, which aims to collect disaggregate data on travellers’ responses to changes in parking attributes and related information. Different components of the parking activity (e.g., general in-vehicle time, parking search time, egress time) are controlled for, in relation to the characteristics of the respondent. In order to avoid heterogeneity in relation to journey purposes we focus on individuals’ mobility. The collected data is used to build simple model of consumer’s choice related to parking decision, taking explicitly into consideration both risk and uncertainty. |
| Keywords: | parking; risk; uncertainty; choice behaviour; laboratory |
| JEL: | C9 C91 R4 R41 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:63815&r=tre |
| By: | Alexandre de Ávila Gomide |
| Abstract: | The transport economics literature has indicated that introduction of competition for the market in urban bus services (i.e. by means of competitive bidding) could promote cost-efficiency with low fares and better quality services. Therefore, this paper analyse the main outcomes and the latest consequences of the bidding process occurred during 1997-1998 in Belo Horizonte with the use of operational data. Did economic efficiency improve? Did fares decrease? This case study concludes that contracting-out bus services through a bidding process is not enough to ensure company cost-efficiency if public authorities do not implement a well-devised competitive tendering process and do not design an effective regulatory framework. We hope that this study can help policy makers to improve future bidding processes in Brazilian cities and to design an effective regulatory model for the urban bus sector, especially in these days where the media have made known the critical situation endured by the urban poor, which have no conditions to afford the costly fare levels of the public transport services. |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipe:ipetds:0131&r=tre |
| By: | Mukherjee, Sacchidananda (National Institute of Public Finance and Policy); Rao, R. Kavita (National Institute of Public Finance and Policy) |
| Abstract: | There has been a lot of interest in understanding and measuring the size of unaccounted incomes in economies. There are several methods to measure size of unaccounted income (or shadow economy) - e.g., monetary approach (or currency demand approach), latent variable approach and global indicator approach. Present paper proposes an alternative method by using transport as a universal input. The method is applied to Indian data. To capture the changing structural relationship between input-output and annual volatility of demands, we tested the methodology for two successive Input-Output tables and three consecutive financial years. Since the analysis is based on assumptions, a comparative static analysis is carried out to check the sensitivity of estimates to changes in the assumptions. |
| Keywords: | Unaccounted income ; Under-reporting of GDP ; Road Freight Transport ; Input-Output Approach ; Diesel Adulteration ; India |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:npf:wpaper:15/146&r=tre |
| By: | Benjamin Dachis |
| Keywords: | International Paper, Sectoral Studies, Railroad |
| JEL: | R4 L91 |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdh:ebrief:207&r=tre |
| By: | César Nunes de Castro |
| Abstract: | A agricultura brasileira passou por um processo de modernização que ocorreu gradativamente entre a década de 1950 e os dias atuais. Fez parte dessa modernização a incorporação de práticas agrícolas mais eficientes com relação à produtividade. Entretanto, a agricultura brasileira enfrenta diversos obstáculos para o seu crescimento, um dos maiores é a infraestrutura de transportes deficiente. Esse texto trata dessa questão. O objetivo principal deste estudo é abordar a relação entre o agronegócio brasileiro e a infraestrutura de transportes necessária para permitir um desenvolvimento continuado das atividades agropecuárias no Brasil. Alternativas para se ampliar e modernizar a infraestrutura de transportes brasileira existem. Essas alternativas, por sua vez, enfrentam o obstáculo do financiamento.1 Por mais que elas sejam benéficas para o setor agropecuário, os recursos disponíveis para financiar muitos dos projetos são escassos. A resolução do problema de se melhorar a deficiente infraestrutura de transportes brasileira não é trivial, mas é uma que deve ser debatida pela sociedade e cobrada do poder público. Brazilian agriculture has undergone a process of modernization that occurred gradually since the 1950s to the present day. Part of this modernization included the use of more efficient agricultural practices with respect to agricultural yield. However, Brazilian agriculture still faces many obstacles to its further development, one of which is posed by the faulty transport and logistics infrastructure. This text deals with this issue. The main purpose of it is to address the relationship between agribusiness and logistics infrastructure necessary to allow Brazilian agriculture continued development. Alternatives to expand and modernize Brazilian transport infrastructure exist. These alternatives in turn face the problem of funding. As much as they are beneficial to the agricultural sector, the available resources to fund many of the projects are scarce. The resolution of such a challenge, to improve poor Brazilian logistics infrastructure, is not trivial, but it is one that must be addressed by society and public authorities. |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipe:ipetds:2074&r=tre |
| By: | Paul J. Burke; Md Shahiduzzaman; David I. Stern |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the short-run effects of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement for 189 countries over the period 1961–2010. Contrary to what has previously been reported, we conclude that there is no strong evidence that the emissions-income elasticity is larger during individual years of economic expansion as compared to recession. Significant evidence of asymmetry emerges when effects over longer periods are considered. We find that economic growth tends to increase emissions not only in the same year, but also in subsequent years. Delayed effects – especially noticeable in the road transport sector – mean that emissions tend to grow more quickly after booms and more slowly after recessions. Emissions are more sensitive to fluctuations in industrial value-added than agricultural value-added, with services being an intermediate case. On the expenditure side, growth in consumption and in investment have similar implications for national emissions. External shocks have a relatively large emissions impact, and the short-run emissions-income elasticity does not appear to decline as incomes increase. Economic growth and emissions have been more tightly linked in fossil-fuel rich countries. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth, emissions, pollution, business cycle, asymmetry, sector |
| JEL: | Q56 O44 E32 |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2015-12&r=tre |
| By: | Renato Fonseca |
| Abstract: | In this paper I investigate the quality evolution of Brazilian autos. To measure the quality evolution of Brazilian autos, I have assembled a data set for Brazilian passenger cars for the period 1960/94, to which I have applied the hedonic pricing methodology. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first time an index of quality change has been constructed for the Brazilian automobile industry. The results presented here have two major implications. They allow a better understanding of product innovation in Brazil’s auto industry, and they provide a clearer explanation of the behavior of auto prices. |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipe:ipetds:0066&r=tre |