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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Halkos, George; Kevork, Ilias; Tziourtzioumis, Chris |
| Abstract: | In the current technical report, we consider for the Greek road transport various policies of emission control for the period 2014-2030, and for the first time we estimate the related greenhouse gas emissions expressed in CO2 equivalent and the total costs. These policies result from the high penetration rate of the most recent Euro standards (e.g. Euro 5,6) to the fleet of various vehicle classifications which will be in circulation at the end of each year for the specific period. For each vehicle classification, the shares of vehicles with different technology standards result from the continuation of 2000-2013 trends regarding the number of vehicles adjusted according to a conservative scenario of GDP growth after 2014. The vehicle classifications are differentiated according to (a) engine capacity for passenger cars and motorcycles-mopeds and maximum weight for trucks and buses, and (b) type of fuel (gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas). To calculate the greenhouse gas emissions, we adopt the Tier 2 method, which uses for each vehicle classification the number of vehicles, the annual average mileage per vehicle and the emission factors of each pollutant. For the calculation of total cost we consider four elements: capital, operation, maintenance and fuel costs. Having available the reductions in CO2 emissions and the increases/decreases in the corresponding costs, marginal abatement cost curves are constructed first for specific vehicle classifications and second for general vehicle categories. |
| Keywords: | Transport sector; passenger cars; tier 2 method; abatement costs; emissions. |
| JEL: | C53 M21 Q50 Q53 Q54 Q58 R40 |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:61032&r=tre |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Transport Economics Policy and Planning Industry - Common Carriers Industry Transport - Airports and Air Services Roads and Highways Transport and Trade Logistics |
| Date: | 2014–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:20763&r=tre |
| By: | Francesco Rotoli (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); Panayotis Christidis (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); Elena Navajas Cawood (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); Héctor Guillermo LÓPEZ RUIZ (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); Lorenzo VANNACCI (European Commission – JRC - IPTS) |
| Abstract: | The report addresses passenger rail transport and its main purpose is to evaluate if and to what extent, reductions of the travel times or increases in train frequency in the European Railway System may lead to an increase in accessibility for users and a reduction of costs, resulting in an increase of consumer's surplus. Various scenarios considered. Two scenarios simulating increases of all speed to 90 km/h and 200km/h, one scenario assuming a decrease to 45 km/h and a scenario of increasing train frequency by 20% have been tested. The results provide insight into which parts of the rail network can provide higher benefits to the users through the improvement of quality of service. |
| Keywords: | transport, railway, accessibility, welfare |
| JEL: | R00 R28 R49 L92 L98 O18 |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc85894&r=tre |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Information and Communication Technologies - Telecommunications Infrastructure Health, Nutrition and Population - Adolescent Health Transport Economics Policy and Planning Rural Transport Rural Roads and Transport Rural Development Transport |
| Date: | 2014–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:20737&r=tre |
| By: | Dasgupta, Susmita; Hossain, Md. Moqbul; Huq, Mainul; Wheeler, David |
| Abstract: | The potentially-adverse impact of salinity on paved roads is well-established in the engineering literature. The problem seems destined to grow, as climate-related changes in sea level and riverine flows drive future increases in groundwater salinity. However, data scarcity has prevented systematic analysis for poor countries. This paper assesses the impact of groundwater salinity on road maintenance expenditures in the coastal region of Bangladesh. The assessment draws on new panel measures of salinity from 41 stations in coastal Bangladesh, and road maintenance expenditures, income, road network length, and road surfaces from 20 coastal municipalities. In a model relating maintenance expenditure for paved roads to groundwater salinity, municipal income, and road network length, large and significant effects are found for salinity. The regression model is used to predict the effect of within-sample salinity variation on road maintenance expenditure share, holding municipal income and road length constant at sample mean values. Increasing salinity from its sample minimum to its sample maximum increases the predicted road maintenance expenditure share by 252 percent. The implied welfare impact may also be substantial, particularly for poor households, if diversion of expenditures to road maintenance reduces support for community sanitation, health, and other infrastructure related programs. |
| Keywords: | Transport Economics Policy&Planning,Water Conservation,Roads&Highways,Rural Roads&Transport,Water Resources Assessment |
| Date: | 2014–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:7147&r=tre |
| By: | Nicolò Barbieri (University of Bologna, Italy; Ingenio CSIC-UPV, Valencia, Spain.) |
| Abstract: | Using patent data on 355 applicants patenting to the European patent offices from 1998 to 2010 on environmental road transport technologies, we investigate under what conditions the European environmental transport policy portfolio and the intrinsic characteristics of assignees’ knowledge boost worldwide green patent production. Our findings suggest that post-tax fuel prices, environmental vehicle taxes, CO2 standards and European emission standards, introduced in the empirical model through an innovative methodology based on Self-Organising Maps (SOM) (Kohonen, 1990; 2001), positively influence the creation of environmental inventions. Most importantly, we advocate that assignees anticipate the introduction of those emission standards, filing patents before the effective implementation of regulations when legislations are announced. Furthermore, we provide evidence that in a technological space (which measures the applicants’ technological proximity), closely located organisations enhance their patent output through the exploitation of technological knowledge produced by others. This means that the greater the proximity between assignees, the higher their likelihood of taking advantage of the knowledge produced by others. Finally, we observe that dynamic changes (both in quantity and in the number of technological fields engaged) in assignees’ patent portfolios spur inventive performances. |
| Keywords: | Environmental patents, environmental policies, Self-Organising Maps, road transport technologies, European emission standards, fuel prices |
| JEL: | O31 O38 Q55 L62 |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:3114&r=tre |
| By: | Wignall, David (Asian Development Bank Institute); Wignall, Mark (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the seaports responsible for handling the majority of trade around the Bay of Bengal and identifies the projects that will enable trade and contribute to improving maritime infrastructure. It reviews the nature, potential evolution, and primary types of maritime trade around the bay, and analyzes the ships carrying that trade. It also reviews the potential changes that would have a significant impact on trade patterns, with special consideration of the Indian East Coast Corridor study. The paper likewise examines the main ports on the Bay of Bengal to understand their history, regulatory regimes, purpose, capabilities, primary specifications, constraints, productivity, fitness for purpose when compared to other ports in comparable situations, and their opportunities to improve and develop. Finally, the paper develops strategic options through which the seaports around the bay can adjust and develop to support the evolution of trade. The paper provides policy recommendations on how constraints can be addressed. |
| Keywords: | bay of bengal; maritime trade and transport; port infrastructure and development; container ports |
| JEL: | F14 L91 |
| Date: | 2014–12–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0508&r=tre |
| By: | Alexander Kihm; Colin Vance |
| Abstract: | Drawing on a data set containing 371,082 observations on new and used cars from 2008, this study employs a hedonic model to estimate the determinants of prices in the primary and secondary car markets in Germany. We are specifically interested in identifying those vehicle attributes that are responsible for retaining the car’s value in the used car market. Beyond parameterizing the influence of technical features and brand name on the retail price, our model simultaneously generates a corresponding set of parameter estimates for the used car price, thereby allowing us to formally compare their magnitudes across the two markets. This comparison reveals that fuel consumption, in particular, is an important determinant of the price, one whose impact is higher in magnitude in the used car market than in the new car market. Large heterogeneity in how cars hold their investment value is also seen to depend on body type and brand/model name. |
| Keywords: | Retail prices; used car prices; hedonic model; Germany |
| JEL: | M31 R41 |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rwi:repape:0521&r=tre |
| By: | Nilsson, Jan-Eric (VTI); Ahlberg , Joakim (VTI); Pyddoke, Roger (VTI) |
| Abstract: | This paper compares two approaches for providing public transport: competitive tendering and vouchers. The functioning of tendering is well known. The voucher alternative means that commercial operators charge passengers a fare and are also paid by the public sector principal for each. The paper establishes that it is also necessary to subsidize quality, here referring to the number of busses. Under full information, the two approaches would result in the same welfare maximizing outcome. Vouchers may be more expensive for taxpayers. The case for vouchers is shown to be stronger under an asymmetric information framework. |
| Keywords: | Tendering; Vouchers; Mohring effect; Public transport; (A)symmetric information |
| JEL: | R40 |
| Date: | 2014–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ctswps:2014_027&r=tre |
| By: | Florento, Hector (Asian Development Bank Institute); Corpuz, Maria Isabela (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the road and railway links in Myanmar connecting northeast India on the one side with the rest of Southeast Asia on the other. It also discusses the importance of new deep-sea ports in creating alternative shipping routes, essential for Myanmar's international links. It also reviews the country's external trade patterns, and analyzes issues related to trade facilitation, exchange rate policy, financial sector reform, and private sector development. The extent to which these gaps can be addressed will depend on the costs and benefits. South Asia–Southeast Asia connectivity can only be accomplished if Myanmar improves the hard and soft infrastructure aspects of connectivity. |
| Keywords: | myanmars trade; trade facilitation; cross-border infrastructure; road networks; gms economic corridors; railway networks; ports; Governance; Myanmar; South Asia; Southeast Asia; Asia |
| JEL: | F15 H50 L90 |
| Date: | 2014–12–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0506&r=tre |
| By: | Ivaldi, Marc; Petrova, Milena; Urdanoz, Miguel |
| Abstract: | Motivated by the higher price sensitivity and service homogenisation in the airline industry in recent years, we propose a new methodology to deal with transaction prices and to estimate the effect of alliances in the US domestic market. The assumption that airlines compete on price allows us to take advantage of the observational equivalence between Bertrand competition and the reverse English auction. We then apply an MLE method, developed by Paarsch (1997) for esti- mating auctions, to recover the distributional characteristics of air fares using a sample of airline tickets from the US domestic market. This procedure allows us to benefit from the heterogeneity of individual prices while most studies have used average prices, which would have involved a loss of information and a potential bias. We find that an alliance operating in a market is associated with prices on average 18.9 percent higher. Additionally, we find the standard deviation of ticket prices to be 4.3 percent higher, which is likely related to more efficient revenue management practice by alliance partners operating together in the same market. |
| Keywords: | airlines, alliances, airfares. |
| JEL: | L40 L93 R48 |
| Date: | 2014–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:28861&r=tre |
| By: | Marie Delaplace; Frédéric Dobruszkes |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/185809&r=tre |