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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Colin Green; John Heywood; Maria Navarro Paniagua |
| Abstract: | In a rare effort to internalize congestion costs, London recently instituted charges for traveling by car to the central city during peak hours. Although the theoretical influence on the number and severity of traffic accidents is ambiguous, we show that the policy generated a substantial reduction in both accidents and fatalities in the charged area and hours. At the same time, the spatial, temporal and vehicle specific nature of the charge may cause unintended substitutions as traffic and accidents shift to other proximate areas, times and to uncharged vehicles. We demonstrate that, to the contrary, the congestion charge reduced accidents and fatalities in adjacent areas, times and for uncharged vehicles. These results are consistent with the government's objective to use the congestion charge to more broadly promote public transport and change driving habits. |
| Keywords: | Traffic Congestion, Pricing, Vehicle Accidents |
| JEL: | I18 R48 H27 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lan:wpaper:66110088&r=tre |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Ports and Waterways Transport Security Transport and Trade Logistics Industry - Common Carriers Industry Transport Economics Policy and Planning Transport |
| Date: | 2013–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:20445&r=tre |
| By: | Olivier Brette (EVS - Environnement Ville Société - CNRS : UMR5600 - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon III - Université Lumière - Lyon II - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE] - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées [INSA] : - LYON - École Normale Supérieure (ENS) - Lyon - École Nationale Supérieure des Mines - Saint-Étienne); Thomas Buhler (Chercheur Indépendant - Aucune); Nathalie Lazaric (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - CNRS : UMR7321 - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS)); Kevin Maréchal (ULB - Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] - Université Libre de Bruxelles) |
| Abstract: | This article adds to the growing empirical evidence on the importance of habits in governing human behavior, and sheds new light on individual inertia in relation to transportation behavior. An enriched perspective rooted in Veblenian evolutionary economics (VEE) is used to construct a theoretical framework in order to analyze the processes at play in the formation and reinforcement of habits. The empirical study explores more specifically the synchronic processes strengthening the car-using habit. In addition to underlining the shortcomings of a 'decision theory' perspective to address urban transportation behaviors, we find that synchronic habits can have a significant effect on behavioral inertia. Our results suggest the existence of positive feedback between the development of synchronic habits, qualitative perceptions of driving times, and reinforcement of the car-using habit. The paper points out also that the diachronic dimension of habits would constitute another promising domain for further research on behavioral inertia in transportation |
| Keywords: | Habits, Transportation Issues, Choice |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01070028&r=tre |
| By: | Viguie, V.; Hallegatte, S. |
| Abstract: | In a context of rapid urbanization and energy transition, massive investments will be required to develop efficient public transport networks. Capturing the increase in land value caused by transport infrastructure (for example, through a betterment tax) appears a promising way to finance public transport. However, it is no trivial task, as it is difficult to anticipate the rent creation. This paper uses a simple city model based on urban economic theory to compute the rent created by improvements in public transport infrastructure in Paris, France. To apply in places where models or data are not available, a reduced form of the model is shown to provide acceptable approximations of the rent creation. Simulations confirm that land value capture can finance a significant part of transport investments. The simulations also show that value capture potentials are influenced by what happens in the entire agglomeration. Simultaneous infrastructure investments in different parts of the city play a significant role, as they change overall accessibility patterns. Evolutions taking place in other cities also have a comparable influence. Non-local effects can change the total potential for land value capture and multiply this potential by as much as a factor of two. |
| Keywords: | Transport Economics Policy&Planning,Roads&Highways,Economic Theory&Research,Public Sector Economics,Municipal Housing and Land |
| Date: | 2014–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:7067&r=tre |
| By: | Odile HEDDEBAUT (IFSTTAR/AME/DEST - Dynamiques Economiques et Sociales des Transports - IFSTTAR - PRES Université Paris-Est); Derek PALMER (TRL - -) |
| Abstract: | Dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche européen " City-Hub " de nombreux pôles d’échanges ont été analysés dans neuf pays en Europe. Nous examinons leur rôle dans les réseaux locaux, régionaux, nationaux voire internationaux de transport. Cet article cherche à montrer les liens entre les politiques de transport visant à développer ces grands pôles d’échanges et les politiques urbaines de développement autour de ces stations. Nous montrons que cette transformation urbaine peut se réaliser par une planification intégrée de l’amélioration des fonctions de transport avec celles liées au développement commercial, à l’implantation de nouveaux bureaux et de nouveaux logements. |
| Keywords: | INTERMODALITE;IMPACT ENVIRONNEMENTAL;ANALYSE ECONOMIQUE;ECONOMIE DES TRANSPORTS;EUROPE |
| Date: | 2014–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01073030&r=tre |
| By: | Alexandre, Bayen |
| Abstract: | This research investigates the feasibility and the business case for purchasing thirdâ€party probe data and fusing it with Caltrans’ existing data for the purpose of estimating travel times. The intent was to demonstrate an efficient and cost-effective use of alternative traffic data sources to complement the detection systems currently installed and operated by Caltrans. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Probe data, Third-party data, Travel time, Data fusion |
| Date: | 2013–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt8tb851s5&r=tre |
| By: | Katsuhiro Yamaguchi |
| Abstract: | If one is asked to give an appraisal of airport development in metropolitan areas in Japan, an unsparing critic may not esteem it highly for three reasons. One, because planning for the secondary airport at Tokyo and Osaka was initiated too late to match growth in demand. Two, due to untimely planning, the original airport was exasperated with the noise issue by the time the search for the location of the secondary airport had begun. As a consequence, the location of the secondary airport had to be situated far from the city centre. Three, because improvements to access transport, to overcome the airport’s distant location, were not planned thoroughly enough and have taken too much time to be completed, both the out-of-pocket costs and access time are still unsatisfactory. |
| Date: | 2013–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/3-en&r=tre |
| By: | David GUERRERO (IFSTTAR/AME/SPLOTT - Systèmes Productifs, Logistique, Organisation des Transports et Travail - IFSTTAR - PRES Université Paris-Est); Laurent Proulhac (LVMT - Laboratoire Ville, Mobilité, Transport - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEMLV) - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - IFSTTAR UMR-T9403 - IFSTTAR-AME - PRES Université Paris-Est) |
| Abstract: | This research analyses the structure of material flows between urban centres. It is based on the results of a French survey that describes shipments sent by firms accross the country. Its aim is to shed light on the organization of urban systems. While most of works on urban systems are focused on the most visible and obviously dominant cities, little attention has been devoted to the basis of urban hierarchies. The purpose of this paper is to help fill this void, by integrating higher and lower levels of urban hierarchy. In order to do this, freight flows are analyzed to understand what they highlight on the economic interactions between the urban centres. This research shows that the pattern of freight flows between urban areas in France is hierarchical, but varies depending upon whether the flows are generated by wholesale trade activities or by manufacturing. The differences are explained by the specific organizational characteristics of each of these two activities. Wholesale trade broadly reflects the traditional spatial organization of service activities, with interlocking areas of influence. The spatial organization of manufacturing flows is more complex, which can be attributed to the regional specialization of activities. it should be highlighted that many of the outputs of manufacturing are inputs for wholesale trade. The majority of manufacturing flows involve parts and semi-finished goods that are not distributed to the market but to other manufacturing units, or to large purchasers who then coordinate the distribution of these goods. The exception could be certain fresh food products (i.e. Dairy), which, in their final form (ready for consumption), have a market-based distribution structure, similar to wholesale trade. |
| Keywords: | LOGISTIQUE;FABRICATION;TRANSPORT DE MARCHANDISES;ZONE URBAINE |
| Date: | 2014–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01069903&r=tre |
| By: | Robert Puentes |
| Abstract: | American driving habits are changing. After decades of steady increases in the amount of driving, the number of vehicles, and the extent of licensed drivers, there now appears to be a shift. The growth is clearly leveling off, and dropping on a per capita basis, even at a time when a vast array of public policies continue to support and encourage driving. Perhaps even more amazing are total aggregate declines in some recent years coupled with drops in licensing, trips, and vehicle purchases. However, this phenomenon is still not well known. When they are recognized, these individual trends are either largely dismissed as economic factors caused by the global recession and stubbornly high unemployment rate. While there is little doubt that the sputtering US economy has major impact, emerging research suggests the changes in US driving habits are also the result of a long-term structural change reflective of a host of shifts in demographics, culture, technology, as well as settlement patterns in US metropolitan areas. A set of public policies also plays a key role. This paper explores those macro forces through an analysis driving trends, a review of existing literature, and discussion what is likely behind these trends as well as implications for public policy. |
| Date: | 2012–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2012/14-en&r=tre |
| By: | Fumitoshi Mizutani (Graduate School of Business Administration, Kobe University) |
| Abstract: | This chapter summarizes regulatory structure and reforms in the rail industry in non-European countries. I have selected four regions-East Asia, Oceania, North America, and the former socialist countries-with Japan, Australia, he United States and Russia chosen for each region, respectively. Although the structure of the rail industry in all four countries will be summarized, this chapter focuses on Japan because its rail regulatory structure is quite different from that of European countries. Because of its differences from others, the experience of regulatory reforms in Japan could provide useful lessons for policy makers and practitioners in Europe. One distinctive feature of regulation in Japan is its relative moderation. Second, competition policy is different: instead of direct competition for rail track, a yardstick regulation (or competition) scheme is applied to the rail industry in Japan, resulting in indirect competition (i.e. competition among different rail service markets). Third, most rail operators are privately owned in Japan. Fourth, as for structure, rail operation and infrastructure are integrated. Of course, there are cases in Japan of vertical separation, but the purpose of vertical separation in these cases is quite different from that in Europe. Finally, in Japan passenger services are dominant, and freight services are more limited than in Europe. This chapter consists of the following five sections. In the second section, I will briefly describe regulation and regulatory reforms, market structure and competition policy in the four chosen countries above mentioned. After the second section, by focusing on Japan, I will discuss regulation policy and competition policy. Beginning with the third section, I will explain the situation in Japan, focusing on entry and fare regulations. The fourth section will cover regulatory reforms in Japan since 1987. In this section, after a description of major regulatory changes, there will be a summary of the 2004 privatization of Eidan, now called Tokyo Metro. In the fifth section, competition policy in Japan will be discussed. The yardstick regulation scheme as a competition tool will be explained and its effects discussed. The sixth section will contain an explanation of Japanese-style unbundling policy. The four types of unbundling will be described, and the purposes and characteristics of each type will be explained. The seventh section will discuss possible lessons for European railways based on the results of the previous sections. The last section summarizes the points made in this chapter. |
| Date: | 2014–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kbb:dpaper:2014-24&r=tre |
| By: | Jeffrey M. Zupan |
| Abstract: | This paper is intended to serve three purposes. First, it presents a slightly abbreviated version of the summary of the book published by Regional Plan Association (RPA) in January 2011 about the serious capacity and delay problems at the three major airports in New York and what might be done about it. Second, the paper provides information on the response by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the owners and operators of the three airports and what has transpired in the two years since the book was published. Third, the paper discusses some relevant emerging issues that will likely further affect the ability to address the growing problem of capacity and delays at these airports. |
| Date: | 2013–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/1-en&r=tre |
| By: | Peter Forsyth |
| Abstract: | Like most large cities, Sydney has an airport problem. Demand is increasing faster than supply, and additional capacity will be needed if costly rationing, and delays, are to be avoided. However, compared to many cities, the problems facing Sydney are modest. At the moment, demand is only just exceeding capacity. There is a good chance that the available capacity will be rationed efficiently. Options for expanding capacity are being evaluated well. There may be problems in the future- poor options may be chosen over good options. |
| Date: | 2013–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/2-en&r=tre |
| By: | Hans-Martin Niemeier |
| Abstract: | Expanding airports is a topic which can easily make it to the first page of the national press. But this is highly unlikely as “bad news” is “good news” and most often failures and scandals make it to the front page. Berlin airport or the on-going failure to open up a nearly-complete new airport has been the front runner in this regard and gained so much international attention that the association of engineers fears that the world wide renowned reputation of German engineering might be seriously damaged. |
| Date: | 2013–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/4-en&r=tre |