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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Bioly, Sascha; Klumpp, Matthias |
| Abstract: | -- Many changes are influencing the working situation of drivers in the transport sector, mainly internationalization and globalization impacts for example by regulations from the European Union or competitive forces putting pressure on costs and wages. Interestingly the main research and political discussions are limited to the specific transport mode context for example for truck and bus drivers in road transportation systems. Therefore, this research paper addresses and compiles a state-of-the-art comparison of working conditions (working times, wages et cetera) for driving jobs in different transport sectors, namely road, rail, water and air. From the comparison of law regulations, wage schemes and also existing study reports and surveys regarding these working conditions further research needs and questions are derived to accompany future research and discussions in the transportation sector - chief among them the question of impacts by demographic change on this specific group of people who can be determined the backbone of the transportation and logistics sector. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fomild:39&r=tre |
| By: | Marion Drut (EQUIPPE - ECONOMIE QUANTITATIVE, INTEGRATION, POLITIQUES PUBLIQUES ET ECONOMETRIE - Université Lille I - Sciences et technologies - Université Lille II - Droit et santé - Université Lille III - Sciences humaines et sociales - PRES Université Lille Nord de France); Aurélie MAHIEUX (IFSTTAR/AME/DEST - Dynamiques Economiques et Sociales des Transports - IFSTTAR - PRES Université Paris-Est) |
| Abstract: | The aim of the paper is to correct standard measures of agglomeration economies in order to account for air pollution generated by commuting. This paper examines the impact of nitrogen oxide (NOX) on worker productivity. NOX emissions are primarily released by the transportation sector. Literature on agglomeration economies is abundant and highlights the positive role of density on productivity. Nevertheless, this literature does not take into account the environmental impact generated by a better accessibility, namely commuting. We rst develop a general framework to estimate the agglomeration economies for the 304 French employment areas. In line with the literature, we nd an estimate of 0.05 for the elasticity coe cient of productivity with respect to density. Then, we introduce NOX emissions. The estimates suggest that emissions reduce the positive e ect of density on productivity by more 13%. The model con rms that air pollution matters. Agglomeration economies should be corrected by the environmental impacts associated with the enhancement of accessibility such as the implementation of a new transport infrastructure or policy. |
| Keywords: | agglomeration economies ; accessibility ; atmospheric pollution ; transport policies |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01007019&r=tre |
| By: | Manton, Richard |
| Abstract: | Similarly to the US, driving a car to work continues to gain ground in Ireland and the country is presented with major challenges in environment and health as a consequence. In safety, at least, Ireland has had some major successes. In 40 years, the number of fatalities has fallen from 640 to 162, a drop of 75%. Such improvements in road safety have been attributed to a combination of education, enforcement and engineering. Pedestrian and cyclist fatalities have each fallen by 66% in 20 years, however, this could be attributed to the lower numbers of people walking and cycling. Nevertheless, disproportionate numbers of pedestrians and cyclists are killed and injured on Ireland’s roads. A 2,000 km National Cycle Network (NCN) was proposed in 2010 as part of a cycle policy which targets a 10% cycle commuting share by 2020. The NCN will be modelled on international networks, will be predominantly inter-urban and greenway based, and forms part of EuroVelo, the European Cycle Network. Research at NUI Galway is underway to develop criteria for route selection of the NCN corridors, considering safety, economy, environment, connectivity and route design. Surveys, CBA, LCA and best practice will develop a quantitative basis for each criterion and feed into an overall route selection matrix using multi-criteria analysis. The case study for this methodology is a coast to coast route from the capital, Dublin (metropolitan area pop: 1 million), in the east to Galway (pop: 75,000) in the west. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2013–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt3696x0fb&r=tre |
| By: | Stephen J. Redding; Matthew A. Turner |
| Abstract: | This paper surveys the theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between the spatial distribution of economic activity and transportation costs. We develop a multi-region model of economic geography that we use to understand the general equilibrium implications of transportation infrastructure improvements within and between locations for wages, population, trade and industry composition. Guided by the predictions of this model, we review the empirical literature on the effects of transportation infrastructure improvements on economic development, paying particular attention to the use of exogenous sources of variation in the construction of transportation infrastructure. We examine evidence from different spatial scales, between and within cities. We outline a variety of areas for further research, including distinguishing reallocation from growth and dynamics. |
| Keywords: | Highways, market access, railroads, transportation |
| JEL: | F15 R12 R40 |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp1277&r=tre |
| By: | Philippe Gagnepain (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - CNRS : UMR8174 - Université Paris I - Panthéon-Sorbonne, EEP-PSE - Ecole d'Économie de Paris - Paris School of Economics - Ecole d'Économie de Paris); Marc Ivaldi (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - Toulouse School of Economics); David Martimort (EEP-PSE - Ecole d'Économie de Paris - Paris School of Economics - Ecole d'Économie de Paris, PSE - Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques - CNRS : UMR8545 - École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - École normale supérieure [ENS] - Paris - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA)) |
| Abstract: | Economic theory claims that contracts renegotiation prevents from reaching the informationally constrained efficient solution that could have been obtained under full commitment. Assessing the cost of renegotiation compared to the full commitment scenario still remains an open issue from an empirical viewpoint. To address this question, we fit a structural principal-agent model with renegotiation on a set of contracts for urban transport services. The model captures two important features of the industry. First, only two types of contracts are used in practice (fixed-price and cost-plus). Second, subsidies are greater when a cost-plus contract was signed earlier on than following a fixed-price contract. We then compare a scenario with renegotiation and a hypothetical situation with full commitment. We conclude that the welfare gains from improving commitment would be significant but would accrue mostly to operators. |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseose:hal-00710639&r=tre |
| By: | Kågeson , Per (CTS) |
| Abstract: | Car ownership and average annual mileage in Sweden has stagnated at the levels that were reached at the turn of the century. Driver licenses among the young (18-24) declined markedly during the first part of the 1990s, mainly as an effect of a severe economic recession. However, among citizens born in Sweden most of the gap compared to those who reached “driving age” before the crises had disappeared at the age of 35-39. A much lower rate of license holding among people born abroad, who make up 20 per cent of the Swedish population aged 15-39, explains most of the remaining difference for the population as a whole. The gender gap is small among people born in Sweden but large among those who immigrated from non-EU countries. The declining rate of license holding should not mistakenly be regarded a sign of Peak Car as changing priorities and better economic means may make second generation immigrants much more prone to acquire a license than their parents. |
| Keywords: | Driver license; Holdings |
| JEL: | R40 |
| Date: | 2014–06–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ctswps:2014_013&r=tre |
| By: | Enys Mones; Nuno A. M. Ara\'ujo; Tam\'as Vicsek; Hans J. Herrmann |
| Abstract: | Power grids, road maps, and river streams are examples of infrastructural networks which are highly vulnerable to external perturbations. An abrupt local change of load (voltage, traffic density, or water level) might propagate in a cascading way and affect a significant fraction of the network. Almost discontinuous perturbations can be modeled by shock waves which can eventually interfere constructively and endanger the normal functionality of the infrastructure. We study their dynamics by solving the Burgers equation under random perturbations on several real and artificial directed graphs. Even for graphs with a narrow distribution of node properties (e.g., degree or betweenness), a steady state is reached exhibiting a heterogeneous load distribution, having a difference of one order of magnitude between the highest and average loads. Unexpectedly we find for the European power grid and for finite Watts-Strogatz networks a broad pronounced bimodal distribution for the loads. To identify the most vulnerable nodes, we introduce the concept of node-basin size, a purely topological property which we show to be strongly correlated to the average load of a node. |
| Keywords: | Shock wave, complex network |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:stz:wpaper:eth-rc-14-008&r=tre |