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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Gajendra Haldea |
| Abstract: | India’s road network of over 4.1 million km is second largest in the world consisting of expressways, national highways, state highways, major district roads and other roads. These roads carry about 65 per cent of freight and 80 per cent of passenger traffic. National highways constitute only 1.7 per cent of the road network, but carry about 40 per cent of the total road traffic. Road Transport has emerged as the dominant segment in India’s transportation sector with a share of 4.7% in India’s GDP in 2009-10. The number of vehicles on Indian roads has been growing at an average pace of 10.16% per annum over the last five years. Hence, development of road network assumes paramount importance in the context of a rapidly growing economy. |
| Date: | 2013–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/11-en&r=tre |
| By: | Vincent Benezech (LVMT - Laboratoire Ville, Mobilité, Transport - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEMLV) - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - IFSTTAR UMR-T9403 - IFSTTAR-AME - PRES Université Paris-Est); Nicolas Coulombel (LVMT - Laboratoire Ville, Mobilité, Transport - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEMLV) - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - IFSTTAR UMR-T9403) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of service frequency and reliability on the choice of departure time and the travel cost of transit users. When the user has (α, β, γ) scheduling preferences, we show that the optimal head start decreases with service reliability, as expected. It does not necessarily decrease with service frequency, however. We derive the value of service headway (VoSH) and the value of service reliability (VoSR), which measure the marginal effect on the expected travel cost of a change in the mean and in the standard deviation of headways, respectively. The VoSH and the VoSR complete the value of time and the value of reliability for the economic appraisal of public transit projects by capturing the specific link between headways, waiting times, and congestion. An empirical illustration is provided, which considers two mass transit lines located in the Paris area. |
| Keywords: | Public transportation; Reliability; Headway; Scheduling; Welfare |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-00925940&r=tre |
| By: | Diaz-Lanchas, Jorge (Departamento de Análisis Económico (Teoría e Historia Económica). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.); Llano, Carlos (Departamento de Análisis Económico (Teoría e Historia Económica). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.); Zofío, José Luis (Departamento de Análisis Económico (Teoría e Historia Económica). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.) |
| Abstract: | Recent research has determined the existence of a border effect on trade flows within a country associated to agglomeration economies, the size of the spatial unit of reference, as well as to alternative measures of transport costs. Using a micro-database on road freight shipments within Spain for the period 2003-2007, we consistently decompose the total value of municipal freight flows into the extensive and intensive margins at the European Nuts-5 (municipal), 3 (provincial) and 2 (regional) levels and study the impeding effect of actual generalized transport costs (as opposed to proxies given by the standard measures of distance and travel time). Establishing the superiority of this generalized measure of transport costs, we confirm the accumulation of trade flows up to a transport cost value of 330 euros, and conclude that this high density is not explained by the existence of administrative limits (border effects) but to significant changes in the trade flows-transport costs relationship. While this high density of trade coincides with low level administrative borders (municipal and provincial) as there is a positive and significant effect associated to them on all trade decomposition, it is not significant, or even negative, at a larger regional level. To support this hypothesis, we identify significant thresholds in the trade flows-transport costs relationship that are calculated by way of the Chow test of structural change. These breakpoints allow us to split the sample and control for successive administrative borders in both the extensive and intensive margins. Relying on these thresholds we define relevant market areas corresponding to specific transport costs values that portrait a consistent urban hierarchy system of the largest Spanish cities within a radius of about 330 euros, thereby providing clear evidence of the predictions made by the central place theory. |
| Keywords: | Municipal Freight Flows; Transport Costs; Breakpoints; Market Areas; Urban Hierarchy; Central Place Theory. |
| JEL: | F14 F15 O18 |
| Date: | 2013–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uam:wpaper:201310&r=tre |
| By: | Kurt van Dender; Martin Clever |
| Abstract: | Over the past 10 to 15 years, the growth of passenger vehicle travel volumes has decelerated in several high-income economies and, in some, growth has stopped or turned negative. Drawing from work presented to and discussions at the ITF Roundtable on long-run trends in travel demand, held in November 2012, this paper presents evidence on known causes of this change in growth rates and discusses knowledge gaps, hypothetical explanations and policy implications. |
| Date: | 2013–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/9-en&r=tre |
| By: | Brännlund, Runar (CERE, Umeå University) |
| Abstract: | The objective with this study is to analyze the role of energy taxes for energy efficiency in the Swedish transport sector. In particular we analyze how large share the Swedish energy tax will contribute to the overall Swedish target for energy efficiency set by the EU directive for energy efficiency. To obtain the objective a dynamic demand model for gasoline and diesel is estimated, based on Swedish time series data from 1976 to 2012. The results from the demand model shows that a higher tax on gasoline results in lower gasoline demand, but leads to an increase in diesel consumption, and vice versa. A removal of the energy and CO2 tax, lowering both the gasoline and diesel consumer price, leads to an overall increase in energy use, but also to an increase in the share for diesel in fuel use. Concerning energy savings the simulation results show that the current Swedish energy and CO2 taxes are sufficient for achieving the EU stipulated target, and hence no additional measures has to be taken. |
| Keywords: | energy efficiency; gasoline; diesel; cointegration |
| JEL: | Q41 |
| Date: | 2013–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:slucer:2014_006&r=tre |
| By: | João Luiz Kuperman Garcia |
| Abstract: | Este texto apresenta as principais análises e conclusões do estudo conduzido pelo Ipea cujo objetivo é retratar a situação do segmento de engenharia de projetos associados à infraestrutura de transporte no Brasil. O estudo faz parte do programa de pesquisa Diagnóstico, Perspectiva e Alternativas para o Desenvolvimento do Brasil, do Ipea, em parceria com o Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento (BID). Para atingir este objetivo, foram conduzidas entrevistas com executivos em posições-chave em organizações públicas e privadas atuantes no segmento de engenharia de projetos ligados à infraestrutura de transporte – contratantes dos serviços e fornecedores (ofertantes). O trabalho também apresenta as propostas de políticas públicas e ações governamentais que poderiam ser implementadas para alavancar o desenvolvimento do setor de serviços de engenharia com foco em infraestrutura de transportes. This report presents the main findings and conclusions of the study conducted by the Institute of Applied Economic Research (Ipea), whose main goal is to portray the situation in the segment of projects engineering manly associated with Brazilian transportation infrastructure. This study is part of Ipea´s research program “Diagnosis, Perspective and Alternative Development in Brazil”, in partnership with the Inter-American Development Bank. To achieve its goal, interviews were conducted with executives in key positions in public and private organizations active in the sector of projects engineering related to transportation infrastructure, whether contractors or service suppliers. This paper also presents some proposals of public policies and government actions that could be implemented in order to leverage the development of the engineering services market (with focus on transportation infrastructure). |
| Date: | 2014–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipe:ipetds:1916&r=tre |
| By: | Nicolas Coulombel (LVMT - Laboratoire Ville, Mobilité, Transport - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEMLV) - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - IFSTTAR UMR-T9403); Fabien Leurent (LVMT - Laboratoire Ville, Mobilité, Transport - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEMLV) - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - IFSTTAR UMR-T9403) |
| Abstract: | En Île-de-France, le niveau élevé des prix immobiliers se traduit par une part du revenu consacrée au logement plus grande qu'en province. Dans ce contexte, la hausse du prix des carburants pourrait peser sur la solvabilité des ménages. Plusieurs auteurs soutiennent que ce risque est accentué dans les zones périurbaines et rurales. L'éloignement de Paris induirait des coûts de transport importants venant s'ajouter à un budget logement déjà élevé. Or le modèle monocentrique de l'économie urbaine vient sinon contredire du moins nuancer cette affirmation. Ce modèle prédit une fongibilité des budgets transport et logement, de partielle à totale selon les hypothèses retenues. Les coûts de transport élevés dans les zones excentrées seraient donc compensés par un plus faible budget logement. Cette étude teste les prédictions du modèle monocentrique concernant la fongibilité des budgets logement et transport dans le cas des ménages franciliens. Les informations présentes dans l'Enquête globale de transport 2001-2002 permettent de développer un test économétrique simple (significativité de la variable de coût de transport dans l'équation de dépense de logement), mais inédit à ce jour. À statut d'occupation donné, le revenu constitue le principal déterminant du budget logement, les autres caractéristiques du ménage ayant un impact secondaire. Les différentes variables de coût de transport testées sont non significatives ou d'influence marginale. En particulier, l'élasticité du budget logement au budget transport est nulle pour les ménages accédants à la propriété et locataires du secteur privé, et faiblement positive (0,025) dans le secteur social. Ces résultats amènent à rejeter l'hypothèse d'un arbitrage entre coût du logement et coût du transport. De manière annexe, l'étude trouve un lien positif entre dépense de logement et prix au m². Ceci remet en question le choix fréquent de fonctions d'utilité Cobb-Douglas pour modéliser les préférences résidentielles des ménages. |
| Keywords: | Budget; Logement; Transport |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-00926248&r=tre |
| By: | Cathy Macharis; Frédéric Dobruszkes; Michel Hubert |
| Abstract: | Bruxelles est confrontée à des défis majeurs en termes de mobilité et de logistique. Les encombrements structurels de, dans et vers Bruxelles constituent un problème quotidien récurrent. Le grand nombre de navetteurs (plus de la moitié des déplacements réalisés en voiture à Bruxelles) le grand nombre d’étudiants (près de 80 000), ainsi que l’intense activité économique, sociale et culturelle exercent une forte pression sur les infrastructures de transport et la qualité des espaces publics. L’accessibilité de Bruxelles est d’une importance cruciale pour l’activité économique mais la connexion entre les différents quartiers de la ville constitue aussi un enjeu urbain majeur. La mobilité et la logistique entraînent cependant de nombreux effets collatéraux, tels que la pollution atmosphérique locale et la pollution sonore qui ont un impact sur la santé des habitants, l’insécurité routière, etc. On s’attend à ce que la population de Bruxelles continue à croître et qu’en conséquence la demande de mobilité et de biens poursuive son ascension.Dans ce livre, les auteurs donnent un aperçu des études récentes consacrées à la mobilité et à la logistique de, vers et dans Bruxelles. A côté des derniers chiffres relatifs aux pratiques du déplacement, l’accent est mis notamment sur l’importance de la durée du trajet dans le choix du mode de transport et sur les possibilités de télétravail. Basé sur des données actuelles/les plus récentes, les principales structures de la distribution urbaine dans et autour de Bruxelles sont également présentées. Ensuite, les moyens envisageables pour rendre la distribution urbaine plus durable, ainsi que la problématique spécifique de l’approvisionnement des petits commerçants sont exposés. Enfin, le transport aérien et la mobilité internationale de et vers Bruxelles sont également traités. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/154341&r=tre |