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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Fosgerau, Mogens; de Palma, André |
| Abstract: | We consider commuting in a congested urban area. While an efficient time-varying toll may eliminate queuing, a toll may not be politically feasible. We study the benefit of a substitute: a parking fee at the workplace. An optimal time-varying parking fee is charged at zero rate when there is queuing and eliminates queuing when the rate is non-zero. Within certain limits, inability to charge some drivers for parking does not reduce the potential welfare gain. Drivers who cannot be charged travel when there is queuing. In some cases, interaction between morning and evening commutes can be exploited to remove queueing completely. |
| Keywords: | parking; dynamic; congestion; urban; traffic |
| JEL: | D0 R4 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:48433&r=tre |
| By: | Jesus Gonzalez-Feliu (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS : UMR5593 - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE] - Université Lumière - Lyon II); Joelle Morana (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS : UMR5593 - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE] - Université Lumière - Lyon II); Josep-Maria Salanova Grau (Hellenic Institute or Transport - Center of Research and Technologie Hellas); Tai-Yu Ma (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS : UMR5593 - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE] - Université Lumière - Lyon II) |
| Abstract: | Collaboration between partners is a very popular subject in both logistics and decision support research. However, transport management is often taken into account only as an external cost, without integration in collaborative reasoning. This paper proposes a framework to assess collaborative solutions in the context of logistics and freight transport, as well as to describe the links between freight transport and supply chain managementin terms of collaboration techniques. First the main concepts of collaborative logistics in the distribution and transport fields are presented, highlighting the links between collaboration, freight transport and supply chain management. Then, the method to assess collaborative logistics and freight transport solutions is proposed. This method includes a design scheme, a hierarchic clustering technique and a dominance analysis method to unify the assessment of each individual and prepare collaborative research for a common solution. After that, the method is applied to the assessment of five scenarios derived from a real situation for the urban area of Lyon, France) to illustrate how difficult convergence towards consensus is. The results show that a global optimal solution for the entire set of stakeholders is not easy to identify, and how the proposed method can be helpful for decision makers to achieve a consensus of common objectives. |
| Keywords: | collaboration; resource sharing; logistics and transport design; simulation; scenario assessment |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00844705&r=tre |
| By: | Carlo Fezzi (CSERGE, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia); Ian J. Bateman (CSERGE, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia) |
| Abstract: | The opportunity Value of Travel Time (VTT) is one of the most important parts of the total cost of day-long recreational activities and arguably the most difficult to estimate. While numerous studies have criticized the use of salaries to proxy the relevant shadow values, a consensus on an alternative measure still has to emerge. This paper uses a revealed preference approach to estimate the VTT for recreational trips by modeling individuals' preferences for toll roads and deriving their willingness-to-pay to reduce travel time. Our case-study sites are three beaches located in the Italian Riviera Romagnola, whose road network is a mix of toll and free access roads. By carrying-out face-to-face interviews, we reconstruct respondents' routes, indentify their time-cost trade-offs and ultimately estimate their VTT. Results show considerable heterogeneity in values with the VTT for day-long recreational visits being significantly higher than the one of longer holidays. |
| Keywords: | Value of Time, Value of Travel Time Savings, Recreation Demand Models, Revealed Preferences, Willingness to Pay Space |
| JEL: | Q50 |
| Date: | 2013–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2013.64&r=tre |
| By: | Carnovale, Maria; Gibson, Matthew |
| Abstract: | We evaluate whether driving restrictions improve air quality. While Milan's restriction decreases overall air pollution, there is a significant behavioral response that attenuates the effect. Our study expoits the natural experiment created by an unanticipated court injunction suspending Milan's restriction. Drivers respond to the restriction with: 1) intertemporal substituion toward the unpriced period; 2) substitution toward exempt vehicles; and 3) spatial substitution toward unpriced roads. Importantly, the net effect on traffic varies with public transit availability. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, spatial substitution, air pollution, air quality |
| Date: | 2013–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:ucsdec:qt0v8813qm&r=tre |
| By: | Mathieu Gardrat (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS : UMR5593 - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE] - Université Lumière - Lyon II); Jesus Gonzalez-Feliu (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS : UMR5593 - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE] - Université Lumière - Lyon II); Jean-Louis Routhier (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS : UMR5593 - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE] - Université Lumière - Lyon II) |
| Abstract: | Urban goods transport is one of the subjects decision makers have to take into account in the planning process. As they lack knowledge on this particular subject, they tend to underestimate the importance of urban goods movements on their territory. Through the example of "La Confluence" neighborhood in Lyon ( in progress since 2005 and including a shopping center, administrations, apartments...), this paper proposes to build a method of urban goods diagnosis for new urban district development; the main question being how urban goods modeling and simulation can help urban planners in their decisions. By building several scenarios in terms of urban planning, the target is to imagine an improved situation for urban projects through the needs in goods movements and implementing solutions linked to regulation, land-use and logistics including distribution centers, parking lots.... By applying a systemic view of the subject, this work will also take into account the major constraints of the urban system. This paper will include the comparison between the present situation of the presented case and the scenarios build through the previous steps of this method. |
| Keywords: | urban goods modelling; statistical analysis; operability triangle; road occupancy |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00844657&r=tre |
| By: | Krupnick, Alan (Resources for the Future); Wang, Zhongmin (Resources for the Future); Wang, Yushuang |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the impact of the shale gas revolution on the sectors of electricity generation, transportation, and manufacturing in the United States. Natural gas is being substituted for other fuels, particularly coal, in electricity generation, resulting in lower greenhouse gas emissions from this sector. The use of natural gas in the transportation sector is currently negligible but is projected to increase with investments in refueling infrastructure and natural gas vehicle technologies. Petrochemical and other manufacturing industries have responded to lower natural gas prices by investing in domestically located manufacturing projects. This paper also speculates on the impact of a possible shale gas boom in China. |
| Keywords: | shale gas, electricity, transportation, and manufacturing |
| JEL: | L71 L9 Q4 |
| Date: | 2013–07–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-13-21&r=tre |
| By: | Czerny, Achim ((WHU - Otto Beisheim School of Management)); Höffler, Felix (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln); Mun, Se-il (Kyoto University) |
| Abstract: | Private operation of port facilities is becoming increasingly common worldwide and many governments consider the privatization of public ports as a policy option. We investigate the effect of port privatization in a setting with two ports located in different countries, serving their home market but also competing for transshipment traffic from a third region. Each government chooses whether to privatize its port or to keep port operations public. We show that there exist equilibria in which the two governments choose privatization. In these equilibria, national welfare is higher relative to a situation where both ports are public. Since port charges are strategic complements, privatization can act as a valuable precommitment tool for the two governments and allows for a better exploitation of the third region. However, from the perspective of maximizing the joint national welfare of both port countries, there is an inefficiently low incentive to privatize. It is also shown that a country with a smaller home market has a larger incentive to choose private port operation. |
| Keywords: | Infrastructure competition; privatization; strategic delegation |
| JEL: | L11 L90 L98 |
| Date: | 2013–01–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:ewikln:2013_013&r=tre |
| By: | A. Talha Yalta |
| Date: | 2013–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tob:wpaper:1304&r=tre |
| By: | Talarico, Luca; Sörensen, Kenneth; Springael, Johan |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a variant of the Vehicle Routing Problem in which a particular kind of risk constraint has been introduced to model the problem of routing vehicles in the cash-in-transit industry and a hard time window constraint, with no waiting times, delimits the customer's visit within a specified time interval. Two metaheuristic algorithms have been developed to cope with medium and large instances of the problem. In a computational experiment, the best parameter settings for each algorithm are determined. The resulting metaheuristics are compared, in their best possible setting, solving some benchmark instances for the capacitated vehicle routing problem with time windows. |
| Date: | 2013–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ant:wpaper:2013012&r=tre |
| By: | Alain Bonnafous (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS : UMR5593 - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE] - Université Lumière - Lyon II); Jesus Gonzalez-Feliu (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS : UMR5593 - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE] - Université Lumière - Lyon II); Jean-Louis Routhier (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS : UMR5593 - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État [ENTPE] - Université Lumière - Lyon II) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents an alternative methodological approach to O-D matrix and analyses its validity on the viewpoint of Bonnafous' operability triangle. The proposed model is able to estimate the impacts of urban goods movements in terms of number of vehicles, total travelled distances and road occupancy rates without generating O-D pairs. The originality of the model arises on two main elements. The first is that the modelling unit is neither the trip nor the quantity of goods, as in many literature works, but the number of movements, i.e. the number of pickup and delivery operations, which is found as the main invariant in urban goods movement generation. The second is that it follows a bottom-up approach, i.e., starting from a rich database of urban goods operations and routes, a set of behavioural functions are defined. The paper is organised with the notion of operability triangle: the model must be at the same time coherent, relevant and measurable. This analysis allows to show how the model FRETURB resolves this problem of magic triangle and also how it was resolved up to here by the various forms of modelling of the urban freight in literature. |
| Keywords: | urban goods modelling; statistical analysis; operability triangle; road occupancy |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00844652&r=tre |
| By: | Lee, Brian H.Y. |
| Abstract: | In the face of increasing sprawl and car-dependence in US metropolitan areas, young people – especially teens in middle-class suburbs – may be experiencing new mobilities generated by their near-universal adoption of cell phones and increasing access to private automobiles. The growth in the adoption of hand-held mobile devices that can be used for communication and information may enhance accessibility and independent mobility for certain segments of the youth population, especially those in higher socio-economic status households. In a project with teens in two high schools in Chittenden County, Vermont, we used a mix of methods to explore the rapid changes in teens’ lives fostered by tools such as cell phones, texting, mobile internet access, and various forms of messaging. In this study, we find that millennial teens use digital devices to construct new intersections between communication, information, and transportation. By also actively employing these devices in our research, we are using novel methods for understanding the "digital lives" of teens, which represent a mix of traditional analog techniques and exploratory digital methodologies. In this presentation we examine issues including how often and in what ways high school students use advanced electronic communication tools to arrange transportation, what travel needs are being met and modes used, and how social processes contextualize the use of digital tools for mobility. We conclude by reflecting on how the daily lives of these teens may serve as a harbinger of emerging intersections of mobility, communication, and place. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2013–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt5g24r9x6&r=tre |
| By: | Jacco J.J. Thijssen |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a model of investment in projects that are characterized by (i) uncertainty over both the construction costs and revenues, and (ii) revenues that accrue only after construction is completed. Both processes are modeled as spectrally negative Levy jump-diffusions. The optimal stopping problem that determines the value of the project is solved under fairly general assumptions. It is found that the threshold for the benefit-to-cost ratio (BCR) beyond which investment is optimal is higher than when investment costs are sunk and upfront. In addition, the current value of the BCR decreases sharply in the frequency of negative shocks to the construction process. This implies that the cost overruns that can be expected if one ignores such shocks are sharply increasing in their frequency. Based on calibrated data, the model is applied to the construction of high-speed rail in the UK and it is found that the economic case for the first phase of High Speed 2 cannot be made and is unlikely to be met in the next 10 years. |
| Keywords: | Investment under Uncertainty, Infrastructure investment, Optimal stopping |
| JEL: | G31 C61 |
| Date: | 2013–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:yor:yorken:13/20&r=tre |
| By: | Dan Bogart (Department of Economics, University of California-Irvine); Latika Chaudhary (Department of Economics, Scripps College) |
| Abstract: | The performance of Indian railways in the nineteenth century provides a great context to study the effects of state ownership on productivity and other aspects of operations. We rely on a key feature of the institutional background whereby the Government of India purchased a majority ownership stake in private railways at pre- determined dates set by contracts negotiated decades before the companies came under state ownership. Controlling for individual railway fixed effects, year fixed effects, and railway-specific time trends, we find no evidence of a decline in TFP following state takeovers of private companies. Instead of reducing productivity, as the recent experiences with privatization would suggest, we find that the Government of India maintained productivity when it became the owner of railways. Government ownership influenced certain areas of operations such as the capital-labor ratio, but not others such as fares. This suggests the state was able to achieve similar productivity without following the blueprint of private companies. |
| Keywords: | Nationalization; State owned enterprises; India; Railways; Institutions. |
| JEL: | D2 H54 L33 N75 O2 |
| Date: | 2013–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irv:wpaper:131401&r=tre |
| By: | Georg Inderst; Raffaele Della Croce |
| Abstract: | Australian and Canadian pension funds have been pioneers in infrastructure investing since the early 1990s. They also have the highest asset allocation to infrastructure around the globe today. This paper compares and contrasts the experience of institutional investors in the two countries looking at factors such as infrastructure policies, the pension system, investment strategies and governance of pension funds. The ‘Canadian model’ and the ‘(new) Australian model’ of infrastructure pose a challenge to the ‘private equity model’, dominant in Europe and the USA. Important lessons can be learnt by both policy makers and investors.<P>Investissements des fonds de pension dans les infrastructures : Comparaison entre l'Australie et le Canada<BR>Les fonds de pension australiens et canadiens sont parmi les premiers à avoir investi en infrastructures, dans les années 1990. Aujourd’hui, la part des actifs qu’ils y consacrent est inégalée dans le monde. Le présent document met en lumière les similitudes et les différences du cadre de l’investissement institutionnel dans les deux pays, en s’intéressant à des facteurs tels que les politiques en matière d’infrastructures, les systèmes de retraite, les stratégies d’investissement et la gouvernance des fonds de pension. Le « modèle canadien » et le « (nouveau) modèle australien » d’infrastructures remettent en cause le « modèle du capital-investissement » prédominant en Europe et aux États-Unis. Les observer peut être riche d’enseignements pour les décideurs comme pour les investisseurs. |
| Keywords: | Canada, Australia, infrastructure, asset allocation, infrastructure investment, private finance, pension regulation, pension funds, institutional investors, infrastructure policy, Canada, Australie, infrastructure, fonds de pension, allocation d'actifs, investissement dans les infrastructures, financement privé, réglementation des pensions, politique des infrastructures, investisseurs institutionnels |
| JEL: | G15 G18 G23 G28 H54 J26 |
| Date: | 2013–07–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dafaad:32-en&r=tre |
| By: | Blank, J.L.T. (TU Delft, Technology, Policy and Management, Department of Technology, Dynamics and Sustainable Development); Dumaij, A.C.M.; Heezik, van, A.A.S. |
| Abstract: | Productiviteitstrends in de spoorsector is een studie naar de samenhang tussen institutionele veranderingen en de productiviteitsontwikkeling van de Nederlandse spoorsector in de afgelopen decennia. In deze periode heeft de spoorsector ingrijpende veranderingen ondergaan, die onder andere tot doel hebben de productiviteit te verbeteren. Uit de analyse van de kosten- en productietrends in de periode 1985-2012 blijkt echter dat de hervorming van de spoorsector, die vooral tussen 1995 en 2005 haar beslag krijgt, niet tot het gewenste resultaat heeft geleid. Eerder is er sprake van het tegendeel: in plaats van een productiviteitsverbetering neemt de productiviteit in deze periode af. Vanaf 2005 lijkt er een licht herstel op te treden in de productiviteitsontwikkeling, maar de periode is te kort om van een trendbreuk te kunnen spreken. |
| Keywords: | dutch railway; Nederlandse spoorwegen; productiviteit; productivity |
| Date: | 2013–07–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dgr:tudtpm:20134&r=tre |