|
on Transport Economics |
| By: | Miquel- Àngel Garcia-López (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona & IEB); Adelheid Holl (CSIC, Institute for Public Goods and Policies); Elisabet Viladecans-Marsal (Universitat de Barcelona & IEB) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the effects of highways on the suburbanization of Spanish cities. First, we extend previous findings for the US and China by providing evidence for Europe: each additional highway ray built between 1991 and 2006 produced a 5 per cent decline in central city population between 1991 and 2011. Second, our main contribution is at the intrametropolitan level. We find that highway improvements influence the spatial pattern of suburbanization: suburban municipalities that were given improved access to the highway system between 1991 and 2006 grew 4.6% faster. The effect was most marked in suburbs located at 5–11 km from the central city (7.1%), and concentrated near the highways: population spreaded out along the (new) highway segments (4.7%) and ramps (2.7%). To estimate the causal relationship between population growth and highway improvements, we rely on an IV estimation. We use Spain’s historical road networks – Roman roads, 1760 main post roads, and 19th century main roads – to construct our candidates for use as instruments. |
| Keywords: | Suburbanization, highways, transportation infrastructure |
| JEL: | R4 O2 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ieb:wpaper:2013/6/doc2013-5&r=tre |
| By: | Bernhofen, Daniel M. (University of Nottingham); El-Sahli , Zouheir (Department of Economics, Lund University); Kneller, Richard (University of Nottingham) |
| Abstract: | The introduction of containerization triggered complementary technological and organizational changes that revolutionized global freight transport. Despite numerous claims about the importance of containerization in stimulating international trade, econometric estimates on the effects of containerization on trade appear to be missing. Our paper fills this gap in the literature. Our key idea is to exploit time and cross-sectional variation in countries’ adoption of port or railway container facilities to construct a time-varying bilateral technology variable and estimate its effect on explaining variations in bilateral product level trade flows in a large panel for the period 1962-1990. Our estimates suggest that containerization did not only stimulate trade in containerizable products (like auto parts) but also had complementary effects on non-containerizables (like automobiles). As expected, we find larger effects on North-North trade than on North-South or South-South trade and much smaller effects when ignoring railway containerization. Regarding North-North trade, the cumulative average treatment effects of containerization over a 20 year time period amount to about 700%, can be interpreted as causal, and are much larger than the effects of free trade agreements or the GATT. In a nutshell, we provide the first econometric evidence for containerization to be a driver of 20th century economic globalization. |
| Keywords: | containerization; 20th century global transportation infrastructure |
| JEL: | F13 |
| Date: | 2013–02–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:lunewp:2013_004&r=tre |
| By: | Stefanie Peer (VU Amsterdam); Erik T. Verhoef (VU Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | We consider equilibrium and optimum use of a Vickrey road bottleneck, distinguishing between long-run and short-run scheduling preferences in an otherwise stylized scheduling model. The preference structure reflects that there is a distinction between the (exogenous) 'long-run preferred arrival time', which would be relevant if consumers were unconstrained in the scheduling of their activities, versus the 'short-run preferred arrival time', which is the result of an adaptation of travel routines in the face of constraints caused by, in particular, time-varying congestion levels. We characterize the unpriced equilibrium, the social optimum as well as second-best situations where the availability of the pricing instruments is restricted. All of them imply a dispersed distribution of short-run preferred arrival times. The extent of dispersion in the unpriced equilibrium, however, is higher than socially optimal. |
| Keywords: | bottleneck model; scheduling decisions; travel routines; long-run vs. short-run |
| JEL: | D80 R48 R41 H21 |
| Date: | 2013–02–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dgr:uvatin:20130028&r=tre |
| By: | Mallidis, I.; Dekker, R.; Vlachos, D. |
| Abstract: | Cap and trade regulations along with an increasing consumer and company demand for green products and services constitute two major drivers for motivating corporations to adopt green practices. However, the adoption of such practices usually increases their operational costs. Therefore, the trade-off between “green†and cost-optimal policies is a common challenge for most organizations, at least in developed countries. The purpose of this paper is to assess alternative logistic network design options (applicable in most supply chains) taking into account both their cost and CO2 emissions performance. The applicability of the proposed methodology is illustrated through the design of a major white good retailer’s logistics network in the region of Greece. The results indicate that a company optimizes its cost performance by serving all its retail stores directly by truck through one central distribution center. On the other hand, a CO2 emissions optimal performance includes additional distribution centers and the employment of rail instead of truck transportation. Moreover, longer review periods, despite the higher holding and backorder costs, result in lower transportation costs and CO2 emissions. |
| Keywords: | environment;CO2 emissions;periodic review inventory control system |
| Date: | 2013–02–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dgr:eureir:1765038623&r=tre |
| By: | Veronika Kulmer (Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates policy options that foster the progress of alternative, environmentally friendly passenger transport technologies in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions viable technological switch. For the example of Austria, we develop a dynamic computable general equilibrium model which explicitly considers passenger transport technologies comprising "internal combustion engine” (ICE), “plug-in hybrid electric vehicle” (PHEV), “electric vehicle” (EV) and “fuel cell electric vehicle” (FCEV). Regarding technological progress we also incorporate labor augmenting, directed technological change. For policy analysis, we study the effects of (i) a phase out of ICE and subsidy in R&D, (ii) a fuel tax and subsidy in R&D and (iii) an output subsidy on FCEV. We find that in terms of overall emission reduction, in the given time scale from 2005 to 2050, the continuous phase-out of ICE in combination with a subsidy in R&D is the most effective policy measure. The fuel tax in combination with a subsidy in R&D shows the smallest emission reduction. However, in terms of costs, impacts on consumption of private goods are the smallest among all policy instruments. Moreover, domestic output of economic sectors is boosted. Finally, results show, that the competitiveness of FCEV implies a considerable fall in emissions and favors production of several economic sectors, such as electrical machinery and chemical products. However, in order to ensure competitiveness the output subsidy on FCEV is extremely high, impacting private consumption strongly. |
| Keywords: | technology policy, directed technological change, computable general equilibrium |
| JEL: | O31 O38 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2013–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpaper:2013-02&r=tre |
| By: | Jérôme Massiani (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the practice of SP surveys for Electric Vehicles and identifies a number of their limitations. Specifically it is found that SP surveys may not represent adequately several dimensions that are relevant in the context of EV purchase such as garage ownership, second versus first car, refueling conditions, and that they often neglect transitory technologies (Plug in Hybrid) which are instead an important element in the diffusion of EVs. This paper also provides a number of recommendations for practitioners to conceive more realistic SP surveys which could increase the validity of policy recommendations formulated by economists. |
| Keywords: | Stated Preferences surveys, Conjoint Analysis; electric cars, alternative fuel vehicles |
| JEL: | C53 O33 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2013_01&r=tre |
| By: | Jesus Gonzalez-Feliu (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS : UMR5593 - Université Lumière - Lyon II - Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat); Pascal Pluvinet (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS : UMR5593 - Université Lumière - Lyon II - Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat); Marc Serouge (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS : UMR5593 - Université Lumière - Lyon II - Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat); Mathieu Gardrat (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS : UMR5593 - Université Lumière - Lyon II - Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat) |
| Abstract: | This chapter aims to investigate the contribution of GPS survey techniques for urban goods movement characterization, and to diagnosis the implementation and application issues related to the introduction of real-time data transmission procedures and phone tools with integrated GPS devices. We propose a GPS-based data collection method for urban freight route characterization using a Smartphone application. After testing and calibrating the data processing tool, we analyse the main results on a baseline of about 900 tours with the R software. This chapter defined the characteristics of the overall routes as well as the environmental impacts linked with the categories of roads, urban highways, main roads and residential streets. Moreover, this chapter showed the driver's environmental behaviour was related to the main activity of the carriers. Finally, the complementarity between GPS-surveys and traditional urban freight surveys was discussed. |
| Keywords: | GPS; data collection; urban logistics; state-of-the-art |
| Date: | 2013–02–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-00784079&r=tre |
| By: | Buchs, Milena (University of Southampton); Schnepf, Sylke V. (University of Southampton) |
| Abstract: | Does the association between household characteristics and household CO2 emissions differ for different areas such as home energy, transport, indirect and total emissions in the UK? Specific types of households might be more likely to have high emissions in some areas than in others and thus be affected differently by climate mitigation policies that target these areas. Using the Living Costs and Food Survey and Expenditure and Food Survey for the years 2006 to 2009, this paper compares how household characteristics like income, household size, rural/urban location and education level differ in their association with home energy, transport, indirect and total emissions. We find that the association between household characteristics and emissions differs considerably across these areas, particularly for income, education, the presence of children, female headed, workless and rural households. We also test the implicit assumption in the literature that the association between household characteristics and CO2 emission is constant across the CO2 emission distribution using quantile regressions and compare results for poor and rich households. The analysis considers policy implications of these findings throughout. |
| Keywords: | climate change mitigation policies, inequality, carbon dioxide emissions, living costs and food survey, United Kingdom |
| JEL: | D12 D31 D60 H20 Q01 |
| Date: | 2013–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp7204&r=tre |
| By: | Adrien Vogt-Schilb (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CIRAD : UMR56 - CNRS : UMR8568 - Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) - Ecole des Ponts ParisTech - AgroParisTech); Céline Guivarch (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CIRAD : UMR56 - CNRS : UMR8568 - Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) - Ecole des Ponts ParisTech - AgroParisTech); Jean Charles Hourcade (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CIRAD : UMR56 - CNRS : UMR8568 - Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) - Ecole des Ponts ParisTech - AgroParisTech) |
| Abstract: | La capacité des véhicules électrifiés (VE) à diminuer les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) est sujette à débat. De nombreuses études fondent le calcul des émissions kilométriques des VE sur le contenu carbone de l'électricité contemporaine. Nous proposons une évaluation qui mobilise une vision cohérente de l'évolution du système énergétique dans lequel les VE doivent s'insérer. Nous utilisons un modèle de simulation prospective pour produire des scénarios contrastés de l'évolution du contenu carbone de l'électricité européenne. Cet exercice suggère que si l'Europe choisit de mettre en place des politiques climatiques destinées à réduire drastiquement ses émissions de GES, le contenu carbone de l'électricité va diminuer rapidement, prolongeant sur le long terme l'avantage actuel des VE sur les véhicules classiques en termes d'émissions par kilomètre. A long terme, l'électrification des véhicules est pertinente dans toutes les régions du monde. |
| Keywords: | véhicules électrique; gaz à effet de serre; bilan carbone; prospective; politiques climatiques |
| Date: | 2013–02–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-00786749&r=tre |
| By: | Hunold, Matthias; Wolf, Christoph |
| Abstract: | We study competitive awarding procedures of short haul railway passenger services in Germany from 1995 to 2011 by means of a newly collected data set. In particular, we use regression techniques to investigate the determinants of the number of bidders, the identity of the winning bidder and the subsidy level. We find that there are more bidders when the contract duration is high and the revenue risk low. The dominant operator is more likely to win contracts if it is the incumbent, the network is large, the contract duration is high, when used rolling stock is admitted and when there are few other bidders. -- |
| Keywords: | competitive tendering,market entry,networks,public procurement,railroads |
| JEL: | D44 H57 L92 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:13009&r=tre |