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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Fosgerau, Mogens; Small, Kenneth E. |
| Abstract: | Engineering studies demonstrate that traffic in dense downtown areas obeys a stable functional relationship between average speed and density, including a region of 'hypercongestion' where flow decreases with density. This situation can be described as queuing behind a bottleneck whose capacity declines when the queue is large. We combine such a variable-capacity bottleneck with Vickrey scheduling preferences for the special case where there are only two possible levels of capacity. Solving the model leads to several new insights, including that the marginal cost of adding a traveler is especially sensitive to the lowest level of capacity reached. We analyze an optimal toll, a coarse toll, and metering, showing substantial benefits from using these policies to eliminate the period of reduced capacity. Under hypercongestion, all of these policies can be designed so that travelers gain even without considering any toll revenues. |
| Keywords: | hypercongestion; congestion; road pricing; |
| JEL: | R40 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:43411&r=tre |
| By: | Frédéric Dobruszkes |
| Abstract: | Low-cost airlines (LCAs) have become essential actors supplying nationwide and continental air services.This paper focuses on the European case and investigates how the LCA spatial strategy hasevolved since the last available comprehensive analysis in 2004. Using comprehensive data, the analysisis conducted at three levels: global, cities and networks. It shows that LCAs now represent 31% ofintra-European airline seats. Although LCA business has expanded to Central-East Europe, Morocco,and a few remote areas, it remains mainly focused on the intra-Western market. In general, LCAs servelarge cities and tourist destinations. The use of secondary, regional airports is put into perspective. Servicevolatility is low at the city level but significant at the inter-city level. Average distance hasincreased, but most flights are short-haul. LCAs play an important role in launching new routes, thusdiversifying the European airline network, and in increasing frontal competition with traditional airlineson pre-existing routes. The niche markets are common in terms of routes but are rather limitedin terms of seats supplied. Actually, the main specificity of the largest LCAs is the provision of flightsthat do not serve the home country. A typology of networks demonstrates that there is no a singleEuropean low-cost model. |
| Keywords: | Low-cost airlines; Low-fare airlines; No-frills airlines; Air transport; Airline networks; Europe |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/135954&r=tre |
| By: | Böckers, Veit; Heimeshoff, Ulrich; Müller, Andrea |
| Abstract: | The focus of this paper is the empirical evaluation of the German Accelerated Vehicle Retirement program, that was implemented in January 2009 to stimulate automobile consumption. In order to adress this question a unique monthly dataset of new car registrations owned by private consumers from March 2001 until October 2011 is created. Especially small and upper small car segments seem to have profited from the scrappage program as they make up 84$\%$ of the newly registered cars during the program. Using uni- and multivariate time-series models counterfactual car registrations are estimated for vehicles from the small and upper small car segment. Results suggest that the policy has been successful in creating additional demand for new cars during the policy period. We also find a small contraction in the year after the end of the policy for the small market segment. For upper small cars the pull-forward could only be identified for the last quarter of the ex-post period. So in summary, the overall effect of the German car scrappage program is positive for the two market segments. -- |
| JEL: | H00 C22 L62 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc12:62043&r=tre |
| By: | Carnovale, Maria; Gibson, Matthew |
| Keywords: | Economics, Other, Environmental Economics |
| Date: | 2012–12–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:ucsdec:qt4j2755jq&r=tre |
| By: | Erica Vieth |
| Date: | 2012–09–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwneu:neurusp160&r=tre |