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on Transport Economics |
| By: | David C Broadstock (Research Institute of Economics and Management (RIEM), Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Sichuan, China and Surrey Energy Economics Centre (SEEC), School of Economics, University of Surrey, UK.); Xun Chen (Research Institute of Economics and Management (RIEM), Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Sichuan, China) |
| Abstract: | In this paper it is shown that the relative demands for UK Gasoline and Diesel fuels are price responsive. Given differing emissions based externalities from these two fuel types, it is contended that discriminatory fuel duty might be a means to reduce these externalities. Results are derived from an Almost Ideal Demand System with time varying technological progress, estimated using a bootstrap procedure given non-normalities and relative small sample sizes. |
| Keywords: | AIDS model, technology biases, time-varying parameter. |
| JEL: | Q40 R40 |
| Date: | 2012–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sur:seedps:136&r=tre |
| By: | Concas, Sisinino |
| Abstract: | We investigate the effects of public capital investment on the demand for travel. We define capital stock as a productive flow that accounts for the physical deterioration of infrastructure over time. We present a framework where additions to capital stock only cover a portion of the long-run equilibrium level, and where policy decisions are dictated by expectations of economic and travel growth. To the extent that these investments increase productivity, they generate induced travel. Using a panel dataset at the state level for the period 1982-2005, we find that the elasticity of travel demand with respect to changes in state highway capital stock is equal to 0.041in the short run, while the long-run is 0.237. Our results show that changes in capital expenditures in response to past levels of traffic are characterized by a three-year lag, suggesting that the investment response to changes in travel is slow to converge to the desired long-run levels. |
| Keywords: | highway capital; public capital; capital accumulation; induced vehicle travel; induced vehicle miles of travel |
| JEL: | H54 H41 R4 C33 |
| Date: | 2012–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:40757&r=tre |
| By: | Spiller, Elisheba (Resources for the Future); Stephens, Heather M. |
| Abstract: | Using disaggregated confidential household data, we estimate spatial variation in household-level gasoline price elasticities and the welfare effects of gasoline taxes. A novel approach allows us to model a discrete-continuous household choice of vehicle bundles, while disaggregating the choice set and including vehicle-specific fixed effects and unobserved consumer heterogeneity. The mean elasticity of demand for gasoline is -0.67, but with tremendous variation across location and income. We find that rural households have 30 percent more negative welfare impacts than urban households from gasoline taxes. Finally, we explore different policies that can help to mitigate welfare inequalities due to these taxes. |
| Keywords: | gasoline taxes, welfare, elasticity, rural, commuting, transportation |
| JEL: | Q0 R0 H0 |
| Date: | 2012–07–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-12-30&r=tre |
| By: | Antonio Estache; Liam Wren-Lewis |
| Abstract: | As regions around the world are considering increased integration of key energy, transport or other infrastructure networks, issues build in the design of the supranational national regulation needed in that context are increasingly well recognized. Solutions are however slow to emerge. This paper reviews the challenges and discusses the directions suggested by theory to address these challenges. It highlight the potentially counterproductive effects of common standard policy recommendations discussed at the political level. The paper also identifies key research areas as the review of match between theory and evidence suggest that we still have to address significant gaps in our collective understanding of the impediments to desirable integration efforts. |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eca:wpaper:2013/124994&r=tre |
| By: | Albers, Sascha; Heuermann, Caroline |
| Abstract: | Whereas analyses of competitive dynamics have hitherto focused on analysing the effects of intra-industry interaction on firm performance, we explore and analyse competition between actors that stem from different industries. This inter-industry focus is novel and interesting, as it allows the exploration of competitive parameters between rivals that differ substantially in their resource endowments, organisational structures, practices and cognitive schemes. The inter-industry focus is also important, since many industries are converging and thus instil competitive interaction between actors that were traditionally separated by industry boundaries. The empirical context for this study is the competitive interaction between airlines and railways in Germany. Based on expert interviews and grounded theory analysis, we shed light onto hitherto neglected facets of awareness, motivation and capability as drivers of competitive actions. We thereby contribute to both competitive dynamics as well as transport strategy literatures. -- |
| Keywords: | strategy,competitive dynamics,air transport,railway |
| JEL: | L10 L91 M19 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ucdbpl:109&r=tre |
| By: | Klier, Thomas; Linn, Joshua (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | France, Germany, and Sweden link vehicle taxes to the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions rates of passenger vehicles. Based on new vehicle registration data from 2005–2010, a vehicle’s tax is negatively correlated with its registrations. The effect is somewhat stronger in France than in Germany and Sweden. Taking advantage of the theoretical equivalence between an emissions rate standard and a CO2-based emissions rate tax, we estimate the effect on manufacturers’ profits of reducing emissions rates. For France, a decrease of 5 grams of CO2 per kilometer reduces profits by 24 euros per vehicle. We find considerable heterogeneity across manufactures and countries. |
| Keywords: | feebate, fuel economy standards, emissions rate standards |
| JEL: | L62 Q54 |
| Date: | 2012–08–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-12-34&r=tre |
| By: | Andrew Coleman (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the home production activities of newly formed and long established households in rural New York over a twenty year period after the Erie Canal was built. It shows that newly established households had lower home production activities than long established households resident in the same area, conditional on the size, age, and land-owning characteristics of the households. Thus some of the decline in aggregate production was due to the arrival of new, differently behaving households, rather than changing behaviour of established households. However, long established households eventually copied their new neighbours, reducing their home production activities to similar levels. |
| Keywords: | transport infrastructure; home production; Erie Canal; rural development and transformation |
| JEL: | N71 O33 |
| Date: | 2012–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:12_02&r=tre |
| By: | Schallaböck, Karl Otto; Carpantier, Rike; Fischedick, Manfred; Ritthoff, Michael; Wilke, Georg; Bauhaus, Wencke; Schröder, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | Im Zentrum dieser Untersuchung steht die Aufbereitung der Erfahrungen mit den Elektrofahrzeugen in Einzelprojekten der Modellregionen Phase I hinsichtlich der energiebezogenen Parameter und der nach Fahrzeugsegmenten differenzierte Vergleich mit herkömmlichen Fahrzeugen. In der Literatur finden sich für die Klimabilanz von Elektrofahrzeugen unterschiedliche Bewertungsmethoden, deren Ergebnisse kurzfristig stark streuen und sich erst mittel- bis längerfristig perspektivisch annähern. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden drei Varianten zur Bilanzierung der klimarelevanten Emissionen gerechnet: a) Werden Elektrofahrzeuge mit Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien betrieben, ist ihre Klimabilanz deutlich besser als diejenige fossil betriebener Pkw. Wann, inwieweit und unter welchen Voraussetzungen (Herkunftsnachweis) eine direkte Zuordnung des Fahrstroms zu einer Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien möglich ist, ist heute allerdings umstritten. b) Unter pragmatischen Gesichtspunkten bietet die Strommixmethode eine gute Orientierung für die klimabezogene Bewertung von Elektrofahrzeugen. Aufgrund der auf der Zeitachse planungsgemäß zunehmenden Anteile erneuerbarer Energien im Strommix führt dies für die Zeiten, in denen eine signifikante Durchdringung mit Elektrofahrzeugen zu erwarten ist, zu einer gegenüber heute deutlichen Verbesserung der spezifischen CO2-Emissionen und respektive Vorteilen gegenüber mit fossilen Kraftstoffen betriebenen Fahrzeugen. c) Legt man dem Kraftwerkseinsatz Merit Order als Regel des ökonomischen Betriebs zugrunde und betrachtet den Stromverbrauch von Elektrofahrzeugen als zusätzlichen Verbrauch gegenüber einem Zustand ohne Elektrofahrzeuge, stellt sich die Klimabilanz nicht so günstig dar. -- This study focuses on the analysis of experiences with electric vehicles within several single projects of the model regions programme, part 1. Main issues are terms of energy-related parameters and the comparison with conventional vehicles (differentiated according to vehicles segments). There are various methods of estimating the carbon footprint of electric vehicles in literature. In short-time considerations their results scatter, but perspectively at middle- and long-time considerations they converge. The present study respects three variations of calculating the climate-relevant emissions: a) If electric vehicles are operated from renewable energy sources, their carbon footprint is significant better than fossil fuel cars. When, how and on what conditions (proof of origin) a direct correlation of the driving-energy to a power generation from renewable energies is possible, is currently in discussion. b) Under pragmatic aspects the energy-mix-method offers a good guide to a climate-related assessment of electric vehicles. Due to the planned growth of the ratio of renewable energies in the electricity mix according to the time-axis, this leads, in times where a significant penetration supply of electric vehicles is expected, to a serious improvement of specific CO2-emissions compared to today. So electric vehicles might have benefits in contrast to vehicles with internal combustion engines. c) If one takes the merit order rule as a basis for the economic power plant operation and considers the power consumption of electric vehicles as an additional consumption compared to a state without electric vehicles, the carbon footprint is not that convenient anymore. |
| Keywords: | Elektromobilität,Klimabilanz,Elektro-Pkw,Strommix,CO2-Emissionen,Klimalasten,Energieverbrauch,LCA,Vergleichsfahrzeuge,electric mobility,carbon footprint,electric vehicles,electric passenger cars,electricity mix,CO2-emissions,climate loads,energy consumption,LCA,reference vehicles |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wuprep:6&r=tre |
| By: | Bell, Clive |
| Abstract: | India's rural roads program, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, aims to draw villagers into the mainstream by improving not only their terms of trade, but also their educational attainments and health. Treating each all-weather feeder road as an isolated element within the larger network, and using shadow prices to value the main components of costs and benefits, the paper demonstrates that further investments in the program are, with high probability, socially profitable, especially in poorer and more densely settled regions. Taking the entire set of new individual roads together, qualitative arguments suggest that their external and spill-over effects on the system as a whole probably generate some net additional benefits, but of very uncertain magnitude. |
| Keywords: | Transport Economics Policy&Planning,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Rural Roads&Transport |
| Date: | 2012–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:6168&r=tre |
| By: | Van-Ilya, Andrei |
| Abstract: | This paper considers the approach to specification and modeling of transport influence on spatial allocation of economy, which is essentially new for economics. By applying the concept of fiber bundle, a general model of spatial allocation of market with regard to transport costs is developed. Corresponding mathematical formulation of model equilibrium condition and transition dynamics is stated based on the principle of least action and gauge invariance. Further development of obtained theoretical results within the framework is reviewed. |
| Keywords: | transport costs; market allocation in space; fiber bundle; gauge model |
| JEL: | C69 R12 R49 |
| Date: | 2012–08–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:40820&r=tre |
| By: | Bell, Clive; van Dillen, Susanne |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the effects of all-weather rural roads on households'net output prices, education and health in a poor, drought-prone region of India. Of 30 villages originally surveyed in 2001-02, when two had such roads, a further nine received them between January 2007 and December 2009 under the program Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana. Cross-section comparisons involving all villages and'before and after'comparisons in the nine yielded these findings: (i) net output prices were 5 per cent or more higher; (ii) substantially fewer days of schooling were lost due to bad weather, largely because teachers had fewer absences; (iii) the acutely sick received more timely treatment and were more likely to be treated in a hospital than in the nearest primary health clinic; and (iv) the respondents ranked the resulting benefits in the domains of health and education at least as highly as the'commercial'ones. |
| Keywords: | Transport Economics Policy&Planning,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Social Accountability,Housing&Human Habitats,Disease Control&Prevention |
| Date: | 2012–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:6167&r=tre |
| By: | Richardson, Nathan (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the policy options available to the United States for regulating greenhouse gas emissions from aircraft under existing law: the Clean Air Act (CAA). Europe has unilaterally and controversially moved to include aviation emissions in its Emissions Trading System. The United States can, however, allow its airlines to escape this requirement by imposing “equivalent” regulation. U.S. aviation emissions rules could also have significant environmental benefits and would limit domestic emissions beyond the reach of the European Union. With new legislation unlikely, the CAA is the only plausible vehicle for such regulation. Title II Part B of the CAA does grant EPA broad regulatory authority over aviation emissions, though this authority has not been used aggressively. EPA could impose meaningful aviation GHG limits and, by using performance standards, give airlines incentives to creatively comply. It might further be possible to allow some forms of emissions trading, though the law is unclear. Emissions by foreign airlines in the United States could be covered under the act, though international law might impose barriers. |
| Keywords: | Clean Air Act, aviation, aircraft, carbon, emissions, GHGs, European Union, trading, flexibility |
| Date: | 2012–07–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-12-22&r=tre |
| By: | Raphael A. Auer; Thomas Chaney; Philip Sauré |
| Abstract: | We document that in the European car industry, exchange rate pass-through is larger for low than for high quality cars. To rationalize this pattern, we develop a model of quality pricing and international trade based on the preferences of Mussa and Rosen (1978). Firms sell goods of heterogeneous quality to consumers that differ in their willingness to pay for quality. Each firm produces a unique quality of the good and enjoys local market power, which depends on the prices and qualities of its closest competitors. The market power of a firm depends on the prices and qualities of its direct competitors in the quality dimension. The top quality firm, being exposed to just one direct competitor, enjoys the highest market power and equilibrium markup. Because higher quality exporters are closer to the technological leader, markups are generally increasing in quality, exporting is relatively more profitable for high quality than for low quality firms, and the degree of exchange rate pass-through is decreasing in quality. |
| Keywords: | Price levels ; International trade |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:feddgw:125&r=tre |