|
on Transport Economics |
| By: | Valentina Bosetti (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Euro-Mediterranean Center for Climate Change); Thomas Longden (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Euro-Mediterranean Center for Climate Change) |
| Abstract: | With a focus on establishing whether climate targets can be met under different personal transport scenarios we introduce a transport sector representing the use and profile of light domestic vehicles (LDVs) into the integrated assessment model WITCH. In doing so we develop long term projections of light domestic vehicle use and define potential synergies between innovation in the transportation sector and the energy sector. By modelling the demand for LDVs, the use of fuels, and the types of vehicles introduced we can analyse the potential impacts on the whole economy. We find that with large increases in the use of vehicles in many regions around the globe, the electrification of LDVs is important in achieving cost effective climate targets and minimising the impact of transportation on other sectors of the economy. |
| Keywords: | Light Duty Vehicles, Transportation, Climate Change Policy, Electric Drive Vehicles, Research and Development |
| JEL: | Q54 R41 O3 |
| Date: | 2012–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2012.11&r=tre |
| By: | Achtnicht, Martin |
| Abstract: | Motorized individual transport strongly contributes to global CO2 emissions, due to its intensive usage of fossil fuels. Current political efforts addressing this issue (i.e. emission performance standards in the EU) are directed towards car manufacturers. This paper focuses on the demand side. It examines whether CO2 emissions per kilometer is a relevant attribute in car choices. Based on a choice experiment among potential car buyers from Germany, a mixed logit specification is estimated. In addition, distributions of willingness-to-pay measures for an abatement of CO2 emissions are obtained. The results suggest that the emissions performance of a car matters substantially, but its consideration varies heavily across the sampled population. In particular, some evidence on gender, age and education effects on climate concerns is provided. -- |
| Keywords: | Choice experiment,CO2 emissions,Mixed logit,Passenger cars,Willingness to pay |
| JEL: | C25 D12 Q51 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:09058r&r=tre |
| By: | Antonio Estache |
| Date: | 2012–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eca:wpaper:2013/115217&r=tre |
| By: | Achtnicht, Martin; Bühler, Georg; Hermeling, Claudia |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we study the impact of fuel availability on demand for alternative-fuel vehicles, using data from a survey of some 600 potential car buyers in Germany. The survey was conducted as a computer-assisted personal interview and included a choice experiment involving cars with various fuel types. Applying a standard logit model, we show that fuel availability influences choices positively, but its marginal utility diminishes with supply. Furthermore, we derive consumers' marginal willingness to pay for an expanded service station network. The results suggest that a failure to expand the availability of alternative fuel stations represents a significant barrier to the widespread adoption of alternative-fuel vehicles. -- |
| Keywords: | Alternative Fuels,Automobile,Fueling Infrastructure,Stated Preference |
| JEL: | C25 D12 R41 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:08088r&r=tre |
| By: | Fujita, Yasuo |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses policy issues pertaining to infrastructure development in low income countries (LICs) in Asia. Infrastructure challenges in Asian LICs have not been adequately highlighted to date mainly because the international focus has often been on African LICs and because large countries such as China, India, and Indonesia attracted more interest among the developing Asian countries. While Asian LICs have sought to improve their infrastructure over the years, the quality and quantity is generally insufficient although significant variations exist between countries and sectors. Since their fiscal space and governmental capacities are limited despite large investment needs, each possible infrastructure investment must be placed in order of priority. In Asian LICs, spatially connective infrastructure (including logistics, telecommunications, and electricity) should be given priority to generate benefits from economies of agglomeration, fragmentation of production activities, and better connectivity to fast-growing large markets, although the trade-off between economic efficiency and spatially balanced growth is a difficult issue. Particularly, some large Asian LICs have great potential to become part of sophisticated regional production networks through effective infrastructure. Climate change, both the adaptation of infrastructure and mitigation through green development, also needs to be sufficiently taken into account or mainstreamed. The fact that the investment in public private partnerships (PPP) projects in infrastructure has recently been increasing in Asian LICs is encouraging. To scale up PPP, Asian LIC governments should clarify the contributions of the private sector (in such aspects as capital investment and operational efficiency), continue to improve the investment climate, policies, and regulations, and prepare bankable projects in which the roles of the public and private sectors are defined. The public sector will continue to be the main provider and regulator of infrastructure in Asian LICs. Although public sector performance should improve, there has been no single blueprint for it, and therefore country-specific approaches are called for. Donors should continue to support Asian LICs in scaling up infrastructure investment through project-financing, technical assistance, and capacity development. Keywords: Infrastructure, low income country, economic integration. |
| Keywords: | Infrastructure, low income country , economic integration , public private partnership , climate change |
| Date: | 2012–03–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jic:wpaper:40&r=tre |
| By: | Gautier, E.; Le Saout, R. |
| Abstract: | Using millions of individual gasoline prices collected at a daily frequency, we examine the speed at which market refined oil prices are transmitted to consumer liquid fuel prices. We find that on average gasoline prices are modified once a week and the distribution of price changes displays a M-shape as predicted by a menu-cost model. Using a reduced form state-dependent pricing model with time-varying random thresholds, we find that the degree of pass through of wholesale prices to retail gasoline prices is on average 0.77 for diesel and 0.67 for petrol. The duration for a shock to be fully transmitted into prices is about 10 days. There is no significant asymmetry in the transmission of wholesale price to retail prices. |
| Keywords: | price stickiness, menu costs, (S,s) models, gasoline price. |
| JEL: | E31 D43 L11 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:375&r=tre |
| By: | Somekh, Babak (Department of Economics, University of Haifa) |
| Abstract: | We demonstrate how firm pricing strategy and determinants of household location can interact to determine city structure. We go beyond previous work on spatial income segregation by endogenizing the tradeoff between households' choice of location and shopping behavior, as well as solving for the firms' optimal pricing strategy in a general equilibrium framework. In this city, consumers and firms live on a continuous line interval. Our model consists of two types of firms; many high-cost perfectly competitive "Corner Stores" located in the Central Business District, and one large low-cost "Superstore", choosing its location and price strategically. We begin by considering a model with homogenous consumers in order to determine the strategy for the Superstore in a spatial model. Then we consider the impact of introducing different income classes to our city structure. We show how the shopping habits of the consumer population, as determined by the relative price of the Superstore and the Corner Stores, can contribute to the various income segregation outcomes described in previous literature. In addition we consider the impact of city income structure on the pricing decision of firms. |
| Date: | 2012–02–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:haf:huedwp:wp201203&r=tre |
| By: | Marco Alderighi (Università della Valle d'Aosta and Università Bocconi); Marcella Nicolini (Università di Pavia and FEEM, Milan); Claudio A. Piga (Loughborough University and Rimini Centre Economic Analysis) |
| Abstract: | Based on two strands of theoretical research, this paper provides new evidence on how fares are jointly affected by in-flight seat availability and purchasing date. As capacity-driven theories predict, it emerges that fares monotonically and substantially increase with the flights occupancy rate. Moreover, as suggested in the literature on intertemporal price discrimination, the adoption of advance purchase discounts is widespread as the departure date nears, but it may be part of a U-shaped temporal profile, where discounts are preceded by periods of relatively higher fares. Finally, the intervention of yield management analysts appears to play a substantial role. |
| Keywords: | Pricing policy, Panel Data, Ryanair, Yield Management |
| JEL: | D22 L11 L93 |
| Date: | 2012–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2012.14&r=tre |
| By: | Andreas Kappeler; Albert Solé-Ollé; Andreas Stephan; Timo Välilä |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of revenue decentralization on the provision of infrastructure at the sub-national level. We estimate the effects of revenue decentralization and earmarked grant financing on the level of sub-national infrastructure investment in 20 European countries over the period 1990-2009. The results are interpreted in light of the predictions of the theory on fiscal federalism. We find that it is sub-national infrastructure investment that increases after revenue decentralization and not investment in redistribution. However, the effect of revenue decentralization is lower the higher the use of earmarked grants to fund infrastructure investment. |
| Keywords: | regional investment, fiscal federalism, dynamic panel data |
| JEL: | H54 H77 H76 C23 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1204&r=tre |
| By: | Hidalgo, Soraya; Núñez-Sánchez , Ramón |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to analyse the impact of port demand variability on the allocative efficiency of Spanish port authorities during the period 1986-2007. From a distance function model we can obtain a measure of allocative efficiency using two different approaches: error components approach and parametric approach. We model the variability of port demand from the cyclical component of traffic series by applying the Hodrick-Prescott filter. The results show that the inclusion of variability does not affect the efficiency measures, except in the case of containerised general cargo. Moreover, we demonstrate that port authorities have excess capacity and their resources are misallocated. Finally we establish that the allocative inefficiency of Spanish port authorities is difficult to resolve given the limited substitution possibilities among the different pairs of inputs. |
| Keywords: | allocative efficiency; distance function; demand variability; Hodrick-Prescott filter; ports |
| JEL: | L32 R53 L51 L92 R48 D24 |
| Date: | 2012–04–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:38136&r=tre |