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on Transition Economics |
| By: | Diego S. Cardoso; Stephen W. Salant; Julien Daubanes; Julien Xavier Daubanes |
| Abstract: | To reduce funds for Russia’s Ukraine invasion, Western governments imposed a price ceiling on Russian seaborne oil exports using Western services. To sell above that ceiling, Russia developed a “shadow fleet” which uses no such services. We use a calibrated model driven by this fleet’s expansion to assess various sanctions. While all sanctions reduce the present value of Russia’s profits, we find that the tighter the ceiling and the tighter the enforcement, the less harm sanctions impose, contradicting conventional wisdom based on Hotelling lemma. However, policies to reduce the shadow fleet’s size may increase the sanction’s effectiveness. |
| Keywords: | economic warfare, sanctions evasion, Hotelling’s lemma |
| JEL: | D04 L51 Q41 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11618 |
| By: | Bernard, Josef; Refisch, Martin; Kostelecky, Tomas; Grzelak, Anna; Konopski, Michal; Klärner, Andreas |
| Abstract: | The concept of left-behind places or regions has skyrocketed in recent years and various empirical studies are using the concept to describe (not only) economically lagging regions. Yet, there is still no settled definition and method of measurement of left-behindness in the social sciences. In the methodological part this working paper presents a plausible conceptualisation and operationalisation of left-behind regions in European Union countries. The operationalization of “left-behindness” is guided by several principles: it is relative to national standards, multidimensional, and both structural and dynamic. Labour market regions are identified as the appropriate spatial unit for analysis. The study uses NUTS3 regions, aggregated for metropolitan areas and adjacent regions, excluding extraterritorial and small countries. A total of 918 regions across 25 countries are analysed using indicators related to economic viability, social structure, and population development from 1993 to 2021. Our empirical analysis highlights how the nature of “left-behindness” varies across Europe, with a particular focus on Central and Eastern Europe. In these regions, left-behindness is closely tied to regional disadvantages, char-acterized by low economic prosperity, reduced social status, and higher poverty rates. These areas often experi-ence stagnation or shrinkage, with non-metropolitan regions being particularly affected, possibly due to poorer infrastructure. In other parts of Europe, the different dimensions of left-behindness are less coherently associ-ated and do not form clear spatial patterns. In particular, poverty is spatially decoupled from low economic pros-perity in many countries. Overall, we identified macro-regional differences of left-behindness manifestation across Europe, shaped by historical, economic, and social factors unique to each region. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:349286 |
| By: | RUEDA CANTUCHE Jose Manuel (European Commission - JRC); LOPEZ ALVAREZ Jorge (European Commission - JRC); PEDAUGA Luis (European Commission - JRC); CATALAN PIERA Alba (European Commission - JRC); MARQUES SANTOS Anabela (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The EU’s commitment to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels affects the employment of certain economic activities, such as the coal based industries and other upstream activities in EU territories. Future policy interventions to counter-balance the negative effects of decarbonisation on employment need to ensure appropriate alternatives in those regions that can be most potentially affected by the coal transition, either directly or indirectly. At national level, in 2017, there were 430, 000 jobs that were directly or indirectly associated to coal production and coal-fired power plants in the EU, of which 46% were located in Poland, followed by Czechia and Romania. At regional level, the Silesian region in Poland hosted close to 90, 000 jobs associated to coal based activities, followed by the Romanian South-West Oltenia and other regions in Czechia (North-West). Our results identify those regions potentially most affected by ceasing coal based activities in the EU, also taking into account upstream employment effects in other regions and industries. Our results could help the design of the upcoming “Industrial Decarbonisation Accelerator Act” aiming to decarbonise European industry, informing policy measures that could ensure fossil fuel use reduction, and the creation of new job opportunities in the territories negatively affected by the transition. |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc139404 |
| By: | Pham, Thi Trang (RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research, Mt Economic Research Inst on Innov/Techn) |
| Abstract: | New developments of existing technologies over time have led to emergent patterns of technology adoption and accordingly changing impacts on economy and society. Focusing on the arrival of mobile Internet in the early 2010s in developing countries, we identified significant positive effects of mobile Internet on provinces’ average household income in Vietnam. The effect sizes are larger for lower-income quintiles groups and for rural areas, suggesting the more inclusive changing impact of the innovation over the last decade. Preliminary evidence of impact mechanisms via skilled employment rates and (formal) wages are also presented. The evidence from Vietnam, a lower middle-income country, can bring further understanding in the extent of development impacts of second-generation mobile for development (M4D 2.0) in particular and ICT for development (ICT4D) in general. |
| JEL: | D31 E20 E24 J24 O30 O53 R50 |
| Date: | 2023–11–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2023042 |
| By: | Thaler, Balázs |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the effectiveness of the National Hungarian Economic Society (NHES) in representing agricultural interests in late 19th-century Hungary. As Hungary's leading agricultural interest group, the NHES shifted its focus in 1879 toward representing sectoral interests, responding to increased international competition and tensions in international trade. By analysing parliamentary records and NHES publications, the study found that while the NHES actively lobbied for agricultural interests, it often struggled to achieve its objectives, particularly in high-profile cases. External factors, such as strong Austrian interests and limited state capacity of Hungary, contributed to these challenges. However, internal issues also hindered the organisation’s capacity for collective action. An analysis of NHES membership data revealed the organisation likely struggled to integrate a diverse membership, which included landholders and non-farmers with varied interests. Disproportionate representation, weak norm enforcement and favouritism in lobbying efforts further weakened the cohesion of the organisation. The NHES lacked a comprehensive strategy to counter free rider issues and foster greater cooperation among members. Consequently, both external constraints and internal fragmentation weakened the NHES’ ability to effectively represent the Hungarian agricultural sector. |
| JEL: | Q10 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:wpaper:127236 |
| By: | Zurab Khonelidze (Sokhumi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia); Mariam Bregvadze (Sokhumi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia) |
| Abstract: | Peace policy is an essential component of a state's foreign political strategy. After the end of WWII, and with the establishment of the United Nations system, peaceful coexistence among states became of paramount importance. This issue gained even more significance after the dissolution of the Soviet Union's empire. The evolving geopolitical scenario has caused changes in the political approaches of states toward one another. The approaches used to develop peace policy have evolved over time, leading to the modeling of methods for policy implementation. As a result, protecting international peace and security remains the primary concern of both international organizations and governments. Numerous procedures have been created to address these issues, but their success remains questionable, as evidenced by the ongoing active military conflicts and the political decisions of states. Subjects of international law openly affirm the importance of peaceful cooperation, but this is not reflected in their political behavior. There are various perspectives on how to resolve these existing issues. The presented article will analyze the military-political situation in the South Caucasus, the Balkan states, and Central Asia after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Based on this analysis, it will highlight the role of diplomacy today in the implementation of peace policy, both as a tool for realizing the foreign policies of states and as a means of addressing these issues through peace policy. The article will also examine the flaws in the mechanisms of managing peace policy. |
| Keywords: | international security, peace policy, diplomacy, geopolitical situation, international law |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0476 |
| By: | RUEDA CANTUCHE Jose Manuel (European Commission - JRC); LOPEZ ALVAREZ Jorge (European Commission - JRC); PEDAUGA Luis (European Commission - JRC); CATALAN PIERA Alba (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | In her political guidelines, President Von der Leyen emphasised the significance of “Clean Trade and Investment Partnerships” to en-hance competitiveness and decrease reliance on other world economic regions, while rein-forcing trade defence mechanisms. Within this policy context, this policy brief aims to help prioritising trade policy actions by un-ravelling the EU vulnerabilities and dependen-cies at three levels: EU, national and territorial, with a high industry detail. This brief is focused on the possibility of a change in US trade defence policy towards China in light of the forthcoming US elections, which may affect EU exports to the US with high Chinese value added content. At EU level, China accounted for around 18-27% of the foreign value added incorporated in the EU exports to US of motor vehicles, ma-chinery and equipment and computer and electronics. At national level, Germany and France alone cumulated more than half of the total Chinese value added content in the EU exports to US whereas other smaller Eastern European countries, such as Estonia or Hungary, showed high relative dependence levels. At regional level, Stuttgart and Upper Bavaria (Germany), Ile-de-France (France), North Bra-bant (Netherlands) and the Southern, and Eastern and Midland regions (Ireland) ac-counted for half of the total Chinese value added content in EU exports to US. Our findings can help informing EU trade de-fensive measures and prepare upcoming pref-erential trade agreements and investment partnerships to be more effective in the re-gions and industries that would be more im-pacted by US trade policy shifts towards pe-nalising the entrance of goods and services with high Chinese value added content. |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc139823 |
| By: | Bianchini, Virginia |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the establishment of Trieste as a Free Territory after WW2. The existing literature covered its contested status between Yugoslavia and Italy, focusing on its socioeconomic, and geopolitical challenges. However, I adopt a unique approach examining correspondence letters between country leaders and internal reports to provide first-hand accounts of the negotiations and considerations of leaders from the United States, United Kingdom, Italy, France, and the U.S.S.R. The methodology involves a qualitative analysis of the correspondence letters to comprehend the decision-making process behind the creation of Trieste Free Territory. The findings reveal a consensus on establishing a unique currency the "Triestuno" and Bank of Issue for Trieste, which aimed to provide financial stability but faced challenges due to limited initial capital and dependency on external financial support. It then complements this with internal reports providing data on economic indicators such as budget allocations, balance of payments, labour, and wages. The budgetary analysis shows a balance between revenue and expenditure, with a potential surplus indicating cautious financial planning. Furthermore, the balance of payments reveals Trieste's dependence on international trade, particularly with neighbouring countries and the importance of the port and shipbuilding industry offers potential for economic growth. |
| JEL: | F50 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:wpaper:127146 |
| By: | Nutsa Turashvili (New Vision University, Tbilisi, Georgia); Ivane Saghinadze (New Vision University, Tbilisi, Georgia); Ekaterine Bakaradze (New Vision University, Tbilisi, Georgia) |
| Abstract: | The paper aims to study the impact of the pandemic on labor relations and the specifics of legal regulation in Georgia. The study examines the legal regulation of the organization of the remote work process due to the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of sudden termination of labor relations, aggravation of working conditions, and radical change to the conditions agreed between the parties, and other similar circumstances. The research attempts to identify what problems, questions, or unclear circumstances may be faced by both the employee and the employer; to what extent is the result of actions in labor relations consistent with labor legislation during the pandemic; whether the legislation of Georgia allows orientation during the mentioned period; and whether there are any norms in the labor legislation of Georgia that may directly or indirectly relate to the regulation of remote work. The challenges and gaps that became very relevant in the labor legislation of Georgia during the pandemic of 2020 are highlighted. At the end of the study, the ways of solving the gaps identified in labor relations and legislation are presented, as well as the elimination mechanisms for their application in reality, based on the example of the world response. Recommendations are presented to strengthen and improve the labor legislation of Georgia with more positive elements. |
| Keywords: | labor law, remote work, Georgian legislation, labor relations |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0457 |
| By: | Ekaterine Keke Bakaradze (International Black Sea University, Tbilisi, Georgia); Tamari Bakaradze (New Vision University, Tbilisi, Georgia) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses teaching methods utilized in legal and language education across the UK, EU, US, and Georgia, focusing on Legal English. It examines how teaching methods and, generally, didactic strategies shaped by regional educational frameworks and cultural contexts integrate civil and common law traditions and multilingual educational approaches. The study highlights the adaptability of these methods for teaching legal language to non-native English speakers and evaluates how multidisciplinary approaches, experiential learning, and reforms contribute to legal education. The findings aim to enhance educational practices, better prepare legal professionals for a globalized environment, and suggest directions for future development in Legal English education in Georgia. |
| Keywords: | Legal English, English for specific purposes, teaching methodologies, legal education |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0471 |
| By: | Deniza Alieva (Management Development Institute of Singapore in Tashkent, Uzbekistan); Mark Beattie (Management Development Institute of Singapore in Tashkent, Uzbekistan); Odinabonu Khojiakbarova (Management Development Institute of Singapore in Tashkent, Uzbekistan); Diyorakhon Yuldasheva (Management Development Institute of Singapore in Tashkent, Uzbekistan) |
| Abstract: | Workplace bullying and violence are important issues that deeply impact employee well-being, organizational effectiveness, and overall workplace culture. This study explores these challenges through two surveys conducted in April 2024 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, involving 92 individuals from the education, production, logistics, and sales sectors. Participants were divided into two groups of 46, with data collected through surveys self-administered in the presence of researchers and face-to-face interviews. The first study focused on workplace bullying, revealing that participants experienced various forms of mistreatment, including verbal abuse, social exclusion, and undermining of their work. Notably, cultural factors played a significant role in shaping the tolerance and perception of these behaviors. The second study examined workplace violence, uncovering instances of physical altercations and psychological harassment. Here, cultural attitudes toward authority, gender roles, and conflict resolution were found to influence the perception and management of such violence. These findings underscore the importance of culturally sensitive strategies for addressing workplace bullying and violence. Developing policies and interventions that respect and reflect local values can help organizations in Uzbekistan foster safer, more inclusive work environments. This research contributes to the ongoing conversation in management and business studies, offering practical insights for organizational leaders, policymakers, and scholars seeking to enhance workplace culture in the region. |
| Keywords: | workplace bullying, workplace violence, Uzbekistan, culture |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0453 |
| By: | Roost, Stefanie (RS: GSBE MGSoG, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance); Gassmann, Franziska (RS: GSBE UM-BIC, RS: GSBE MORSE, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, RS: GSBE MGSoG) |
| Abstract: | Questions surrounding the allocation and design of social transfers have long intrigued scholars and policymakers in the field of political economy. While transfers targeting those most in need aim to maximize the value of their benefits and improve their livelihood, the political economy of targeting posits that such restrictive eligibility criteria might dampen general social support. This study delves into the social and political sustainability of social protection systems and explores whether and to what extent a broadening of social protection programs impacts society’s redistributive and tax preferences. Using longitudinal individual-level data from Poland’s Panel Survey, we examine the effects of the 2016 transition from income-tested to quasi-universal child benefits on redistributive, tax, and political preferences. Contrary to expectations from political economy models, the findings reveal nuanced responses among beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. Beneficiaries do not become more supportive of redistribution, and their political and tax preferences remain similar to those of overall non-beneficiaries. A specific group of non-beneficiaries, the ones with children but excluded due to income requirements, react to the policy change by retaliating against the incumbent party and preferring a tax schedule that shifts the burden to other income groups. Overall, the study advances our understanding of the political economy of targeting social transfers and provides insights for policymakers navigating the trade-offs between targeting efficiency and societal endorsement in welfare policy design. |
| JEL: | P29 H23 D72 |
| Date: | 2024–10–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2024028 |
| By: | Ibadoghlu, Gubad |
| Abstract: | The financial sustainability of the State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan (SOFAZ) is entering a critical phase, shaped by both domestic and international economic shifts. With Donald Trump’s return to power in the United States, significant changes in domestic and foreign policy are reshaping global markets, particularly in the energy and securities sectors. These transformations have direct implications for SOFAZ’s revenue streams, expenditure framework, and long-term financial stability. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of SOFAZ’s fiscal landscape, evaluating key revenue sources, spending patterns, and sustainability risks. It examines the impact of declining oil production, shifting commodity prices, and geopolitical uncertainties on SOFAZ’s financial trajectory. Additionally, the study assesses how increasing budgetary transfers, market volatility, and investment strategies influence the Fund’s ability to navigate economic uncertainties. By integrating these factors, this research offers a forward-looking perspective on SOFAZ’s future financial management and strategic adjustments, contributing to broader discussions on oil wealth governance and economic stability in Azerbaijan. |
| Keywords: | Azerbaijan, SOFAZ, oil price, revenue, expenditure, financial management, geopolitical uncertainties, budgetary transfers, market volatility, investment strategies, wealth governance, economic stability |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:310919 |
| By: | Glauber, Joseph W.; Mamun, Abdullah |
| Abstract: | Rice is a major food crop supplying, on average, 516 kcal per capita per day or roughly 17.3% of total calories consumed globally in 2022. Rice production and consumption is concentrated in Asia though rice has grown as an important staple crop outside of Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa currently accounts for 7 percent of global rice consumption but account for over 28 percent of total rice imports. Rice is a thinly traded crop compared to other staples like wheat and maize. Rice imports account for about 10 percent of total consumption today but import penetration is expected to grow to about 11 percent by 2033. India is the world’s largest exporter accounting for about 40 percent of total exports in recent years. Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam and the United States account for an additional 40 percent of world exports. Mid-range projections for the next 10 years suggest that trends in place will likely continue. Yields are assumed to keep pace with global consumption trends. Sub-Saharan Africa will account for a significant share of the overall growth in consumption. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) forecasts that Sub-Saharan Africa will account for 27 percent of the growth in global rice consumption and 47 percent of the growth in global imports over the next 10 years. Climate and government distortions remain the single largest vulnerabilities to the rice market. Because of the large concentration of rice production in South and Southeast Asia, crop production is vulnerable to El Niño and other climatic events like the Indian Ocean Dipole which can bring hot and dry weather and disrupt the monsoon season. Since rice is so thinly traded, market restrictions imposed by one of more of the major exporting countries can cause large price impacts. In 2007/08, export bans affected as much as 80 percent of rice trade which caused global prices to almost triple. In July 2023, India imposed export restrictions fearing that domestic production would be harmed by a developing El Nino event. Global rice prices rose by 30 percent as a result. Importing countries bore much of the brunt of those increases, particularly poorer countries in the rice-importing areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. Other potential vulnerabilities include logistical issues, particularly bottlenecks in the major shipping lanes of Asia. |
| Keywords: | climate; rice; risk; trade; vulnerability |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2310 |