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on Transition Economics |
| By: | Mirowska, Zofia; Ziętara, Wojciech |
| Abstract: | The main aim of this study is to assess changes in the structure of farms in Poland after the political and economic transformations initiated in 1989. Changes in the structure of farms and their areas will be presented against the background of selected European Union (EU) countries. The following EU-15 countries were selected: Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Finland, France, Ireland, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Of the countries that joined the EU in 2004, the selected nations were Czechia, Lithuania, Slovakia, and Hungary, and in 2007, Bulgaria and Romania. In analyzing changes in the structure of farms in Poland, special attention was paid to the place and role of large- scale farms. The sources of research materials were statistical data and literature. The comparative method was used in the analysis of research materials. The faster rate of increase in labor costs in the national economy and the prices of inputs for agriculture compared to the selling prices of agricultural products caused a decline in the unit profitability of agricultural production. In this situation, farmers reacted defensively by increasing the scale of production, mainly by expanding farm areas, which led to the creation of large-scale enterprises of 100 hectares or more of agricultural land. In Poland, a factor conducive to the creation of such units was the ownership transformation of state-owned farms (PGRs) caused by the political and economic changes in 1989. The current policy towards large-scale enterprises leasing State Treasury land threatens their functioning. Restricting the development possibilities of this group of enterprises is not conducive to improving the structure of farms. It threatens to reduce production and may also cause social unrest because these enterprises are significant employers in rural areas. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2024–12–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:401268 |
| By: | Marek Folprecht |
| Abstract: | Prices of houses in flood risk zones are subject to a price discount reflecting the risk of losses caused by floods. First, the article establishes a framework for pricing flood risk using the expected discounted loss approach, based on the capital asset pricing model and the Gumbel mixture model of estimated likelihood and impacts of flood risk events. The measure advantage is dimensionality reduction and interpretability. Second, the resulting measure of flood risk is tested to assess whether it can explain differences in house prices using a large data sample from the Czech Republic in 2024. I show that the flood risk measure, expected discounted loss, can be a significant predictor of house prices, but its explanatory power depends critically on the data source used for determining flood risk zones. The results indicate that the market does price flood risk but tends to underestimate its magnitude. Moreover, it does not adjust the weight assigned to flood risk even after severe flood events. Lastly, I discuss the potential use of the obtained flood risk loss distributions for the calculation of Value at Risk and other risk measures of portfolios, including direct real estate or real estate used as collateral. |
| Keywords: | Expected discounted loss, Flood risk, House prices, Hedonic pricing model, Czech Republic |
| JEL: | G32 Q53 R31 |
| Date: | 2025–12–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prg:jnlwps:v:6:y:2026:id:6.002 |
| By: | Hanna Onyshchenko (Bank of England); Andriy Tsapin (National Bank of Ukraine); Vitaliia Yaremko (Trinity College Dublin) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the effect of military occupation on firm performance during Russia's full‐scale invasion of Ukraine. Combining official data on territorial control with firm‐level balance‐sheet data from Orbis, we exploit quasi‐random variation in occupation status across postal areas in 2022‐2023 using an event‐study design. We document strongly asymmetric effects by occupation duration: firms in short‐term occupied areas experienced a temporary and largely insignificant decline in sales and employment followed by recovery after liberation, whereas firms under prolonged occupation suffered large, persistent losses in sales and employment. Capital dynamics do not differ significantly between occupied and never‐occupied firms, suggesting that occupation operates primarily through channels other than direct capital destruction. Heterogeneity across sectors and firm characteristics is consistent with local demand shortages, supply‐chain disruptions, and institutional uncertainty as the main transmission channels. Overall, these findings highlight that prolonged military occupation entails lasting and sizable economic losses that compound over time, with little evidence of recovery until liberation. |
| Keywords: | military occupation, firm performance, local economic activity, event study, war, Ukraine |
| JEL: | D22 F51 L25 P48 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcd:tcduee:tep1126 |
| By: | Weremczuk, Arkadiusz Stanisław; Malitka, Grzegorz |
| Abstract: | The main objective of the study is to characterize the market in terms of asymmetry between the dynamic increase in imports and the less pronounced increase in exports from Poland, with particular emphasis on various categories of agricultural products. The research methodology involves the analysis of trade data from Eurostat and a comprehensive review of scientific and specialized literature. The comparative analysis is centered around categories such as cereals, vegetable oils, meat, and dairy products. Key findings indicate a significant increase in the import of agricultural products from Ukraine, especially corn, coupled with a modest rise in exports from Poland. Additionally, a decline in exports for certain categories suggests that part of production has been retained on the domestic market. The main conclusions emphasize the need for effective strategies to manage surplus agricultural products, including the promotion of alternative markets and the development of diversification initiatives for the agricultural sector. Given the challenges stemming from the war in Ukraine, an appropriate approach to shaping agricultural policy becomes crucial for the sustainable development of the sector. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2024–09–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:401273 |
| By: | Pasińska, Dorota |
| Abstract: | The aim of the article is to identify changes in the production and export of poultry from Poland and the factors influencing the development of this market. The main methods used to achieve the aim of the study are comparative analysis over time, structure analysis, and correlation coefficient. The study mainly used annual data collected by the Ministry of Finance and Statistics Poland. During the period under study, Poland was self-sufficient in poultry production, which increased, except for 2021, when it decreased, which was primarily caused by the very dynamic transmission of avian influenza in poultry. A progressive process of production concentration is observed in the sector. The share of farms keep- ing the smallest flocks of broiler chickens decreased, and the share of farms keeping the largest flocks increased. Imports of poultry products in relation to exports were small. Production was much higher than domestic market demand. About half of the production was exported. Between 2014 and 2022, poultry meat and offal had the largest share in the export structure. One of the challenges for market development is the greater intensity of avian influenza, which directly or indirectly affects various participants in the supply chain. Therefore, there is a need to create plans for dealing with the appearance of avian influenza in poultry. In the case of export, the consequence of the occurrence of avian influenza in poultry may be the need to change some geographical export directions, which should be included in such plans. It is also necessary to prepare a plan for the management of surplus poultry in the event of a ban on ritual slaughter. The development scale creates a need for systematic research of this sector. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2024–09–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:401275 |
| By: | Roman, Monika; Žáková Kroupová, Zdeňka; Trnková, Gabriela |
| Abstract: | A well-integrated agricultural market is a precondition for the sustainability of agri-food systems since it contributes to optimal resource and product allocation and encourages specialization according to comparative advantage. The aim of the paper is to assess the processes of spatial price transmission in the milk market of Central European countries. This paper extends previous studies on the spatial integration of the milk market by providing a regional analysis of four Central European countries by examining the effects of distance, borders, and specialization on price transmission. Germany as the main milk producer in the European Union (EU) and the original member of the EU represents the base country for our analysis. The econometric analysis of the regional monthly raw milk prices reveals that the German regions, with the leading position in milk prices formation in Central Europe, together with the Czech and Slovak regions, can be regarded as a single milk market where prices tend to converge in the long run. In contrast, the Polish regions are still poorly integrated internally and externally. The perishability of the commodity coupled with the small size of the Polish farms means that farmers cannot easily switch to other, e.g., foreign buyers. This hinders price adjustment and is reflected in the economics of Polish dairy farms, whose profitability is low. Policymakers should, therefore, aim to equalize the market powers of agricultural producers and milk processors, e.g., by supporting the integration of dairy farms into producer organizations and sales cooperatives. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Dairy Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2024–12–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:401269 |
| By: | Bíró, Anikó; Elek, Péter; Jascisens, Vitalijs; Prinz, Daniel; Sándor, László; Zasova, Anna |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the interaction of the contribution-benefit link with tax evasion in the context of parental benefits in Hungary and Latvia. Across the two countries, institutional settings, and time periods, earnings and employment patterns suggest substantial pre-pregnancy underreporting, followed by partial formalization during pregnancy to increase benefits. Using policy reforms, the paper shows that the reporting response tracks changing incentives. The results indicate that even with third-party reporting, income underreporting can be common. Linking benefits to contributions when earnings are underreported may reduce evasion temporarily but can impose net fiscal costs depending on program design. |
| Date: | 2026–05–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11385 |
| By: | Pinghan Liang (Sun Yat-sen University); Shu Tian (Asian Development Bank); Yichuan Zhang (Sun Yat-sen University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the effect of digital connectivity on income of women-headed households in Viet Nam. Using the Viet Nam Digital Economy Access Index and the Viet Nam Household Living Standards Survey, empirical evidence shows that increased digital connectivity significantly improves the income of women headed households. Disadvantaged groups, such as those with limited educational attainment and lower income levels, and living in rural areas, benefit more from having digital connectivity. We explore the mechanisms behind this relationship and find that digital connectivity is related to increased participation in the labor market, particularly in the services sector. This paper offers new insights into the inclusive effects of digital connectivity and provides policy recommendations for advancing digital infrastructure development. |
| Keywords: | digital connectivity;digital access;household income;women-headed household |
| JEL: | O33 O15 J16 O12 |
| Date: | 2026–05–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:022585 |
| By: | Sjöholm, Fredrik (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how Russian imports were reoriented after the 2022 sanctions. Using annual bilateral trade data at the product level, it asks whether direct Chinese export gains to Russia were concentrated in the same product lines in which EU exports to Russia declined. It also studies rerouting through Hong Kong, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Türkiye. The results point to substantial post-2022 import reorientation in Russia. Direct Chinese export gains are larger in product lines where Russia had depended more heavily on EU suppliers before the sanctions. Including transit-linked flows strengthens this relationship and points to broader rerouting through intermediary economies in those same product lines. In sanction-relevant goods, direct Chinese gains offset only part of the EU shortfall, while intermediary-country channels account for a substantial additional share. On the EU side, product-level evidence also suggests that some of the lost Russian market was absorbed through higher exports of the same products to other non-transit destinations. The evidence is therefore consistent with partial direct substitution by China, broader rerouting through intermediary economies, and partial outward redirection by EU exporters, not full replacement of lost EU exports. |
| Keywords: | Sanctions; Trade diversion; Rerouting; Russia; China; BACI |
| JEL: | F14 F51 P33 |
| Date: | 2026–05–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1560 |
| By: | Kršo, Mirza; Halilbašić, Muamer |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the fiscal sustainability of healthcare systems in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), focusing on the interplay between financing, expenditure patterns, and care quality. The system is highly fragmented (14 ministries, 13 funds, three legal frameworks). Despite spending over 9% of GDP, BiH records suboptimal outcomes with per-capita health expenditure of 1, 477 PPP USD, near the bottom of European rankings. Using National Health Accounts, fund reports, and WHO data (2008-2020), we trace trends and fiscal space. Key challenges include accumulating fund deficits; large regional coverage disparities (56.2% in Canton 10 to 109.3% in Bosnian-Podrinje Canton); high out-of-pocket payments (29.4% of total health expenditure vs 20.9% EU average); hospital bed-occupancy below 60%; and a threefold variation in per-capita insurance outlays across cantons. Revenues are concentrated: 91.7% of Federation HIF income comes from payroll while employees are only 28% of the insured, leaving the model pro-cyclical and vulnerable to demographic and labour-market shocks. Findings show that relatively high spending-to-GDP coexists with low per-capita resources, fragmentation, inefficient allocation, and weak incentives. In response, priority interventions are directed toward spending quality and allocative efficiency rather than simple revenue expansion: rebalancing toward primary and ambulatory care with strengthened strategic purchasing and solidarity-based risk pooling; expenditure rationalisation through higher capacity utilisation, stronger financial management, and performance-based payment; and targeted revenue diversification, most notably VAT differentiation on reimbursable medicines (estimated annual savings €8.5-€29.2 million), together with improved budget |
| Keywords: | Healthcare financing, fiscal sustainability, Bosnia and Herzegovina, health insurance, healthcare reform, fragmentation |
| JEL: | I18 H51 I13 H75 H77 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esconf:341163 |
| By: | Kargi, Bilal; Bachev, Hrabrin |
| Abstract: | This study challenges traditional economic models of farm competitiveness by highlighting the underexamined role of legal structures. It argues that a farm's governing structure significantly impacts its ability to thrive in the market. The authors propose a novel framework for assessing farm competitiveness that encompasses three key dimensions: economic efficiency, financial health, and governance effectiveness. This framework is then applied to evaluate various agricultural governing structures in Bulgaria. A multi-layered evaluation system with four pillars is employed to assess competitiveness across these structures. The research reveals a generally positive competitiveness landscape for Bulgarian agriculture, with cooperatives demonstrating the highest level of competitiveness. However, some critical areas for improvement are identified, including low productivity, income, financial security, and adaptation to environmental challenges. The study also finds that a significant portion of Bulgarian farms struggle with low competitiveness. The research emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to address these weaknesses, including public support and improved management practices. Additionally, it highlights the importance of restructuring struggling farms and implementing better management approaches. Furthermore, the study underscores the crucial role of government support in preventing farm closures. Finally, the research reveals that farm size, specialization, market focus, and ecological location all play a role in competitiveness, but the significance of these factors varies depending on the specific governing structure employed. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2024–12–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:401270 |