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on Transition Economics |
| By: | Cooper, Julian |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the growth of military production in Russia since the onset of the war against Ukraine in February 2022. Utilizing official data from Rosstat, the study explores how military production is classified within Russian industrial output statistics. The analysis reveals significant increases in the production of military goods, particularly in the machine building and chemical industries, despite the impact of Western sanctions. The paper highlights the complexities of isolating military production due to the inclusion of civilian goods produced by defense companies. The findings suggest that while sanctions have affected the types and modernity of military goods, they have not significantly hindered Russia's ability to produce these goods in large quantities. The study concludes that the Russian economy has been militarized to a partial extent, supporting the view that it is not a full-scale war economy but one adapted to conducting a war. |
| Keywords: | Russia, economy, war, sanctions |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bofitb:314415 |
| By: | Khamidov, Imomjon; Egamberdiev, Bekhzod |
| Abstract: | Environmental issues adversely impact air quality, biodiversity, and socio-economic conditions in Central Asia. This paper utilizes the Life in Transition dataset to analyse climate change awareness and willingness to mitigate among populations from Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Our findings reveal that public perceptions of environmental problems vary, with the highest concerns about air pollution, waste, species loss, temperature fluctuations, natural disasters, and disease spread noted in Uzbekistan and the Kyrgyz Republic. Conversely, awareness and concern for environmental issues in Tajikistan are relatively low. |
| Keywords: | environmental problems, climate change, public perception, willingness to contribute, Central Asia |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 P48 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:314939 |
| By: | Robayo-Abril, Monica; Echeverría, Lucía |
| Abstract: | The European Union has improved living standards, yet welfare disparities persist across regions, countries, and demographic groups. This paper uses data from European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys and the at-risk-of-poverty or social exclusion framework to analyze recent temporal trends in absolute multidimensional poverty across the 27 countries in the European Union and its subregions. The analysis quantifies the extent, composition, and factors associated with the higher risks of multidimensional poverty across four countries (Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, and Poland) and extends the at-risk-of-poverty or social exclusion framework to consider other dimensions of deprivations. The paper analyzes the extent of multidimensional poverty among the Roma population in Bulgaria and assesses the extent of chronic income poverty and chronic material deprivation among this group. The analysis reveals that some European Union member states present strikingly divergent trends in multidimensional poverty compared to the European Union average, and there have been different rates of progress across subregions. Results of the analysis of the four countries of interest indicate that although monetary poverty risks are comparable across these countries, there are notable variations in the incidence of nonmonetary indicators and the intensity of deprivations. However, the likelihood of being multidimensionally poor is conditioned by similar individual, socioeconomic, and family characteristics across countries. The Roma population in Bulgaria encounters more concurrent disadvantages compared to the broader population and is significantly more likely to be disproportionately represented among those experiencing chronic poverty and material deprivations. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted policy interventions that tackle the most pressing needs of disadvantaged populations. Finally, the study proposes a set of potential policy interventions to address structural inequalities and improve the well-being of vulnerable populations. |
| Keywords: | Pobreza; Medición; Unión Europea; |
| Date: | 2025–01–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4265 |
| By: | Piotr Koryś (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Marcin Wroński (Collegium of World Economy, SGH Warsaw School of Economics; Visiting Scholar, Minda de Gunzburg, Center for European Studies, Harvard University) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the impact of railway construction on local populations in Russian Poland in the 19th century. The initial wave of railway expansion outpaced economic demand. From the late 1860s onward, locations connected to the railway network experienced significantly higher population growth. The economic effects of the connection to the railway network increased over time. State-funded military railway lines generated a smaller impact than private-owned lines. We also study the impact of the railway connection on social mobility proxied through a number of notable people born in a given city. However, we do not identify any robust impact. |
| Keywords: | economic history, Russian Poland, economic growth, railways |
| JEL: | N13 N33 N73 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2025-07 |
| By: | Berlinschi, Ruxanda; Verhaest, Dieter; Poelmans, Eline; Adriaenssens, Stef |
| Abstract: | This study documents self-selection on human capital for Ukrainian refugees. We compare the socio-demographic characteristics of a representative sample of Ukrainian refugees who registered in Belgium in the fall of 2022 with those of the Ukrainian population before the war. Contrarily to previous studies, we find negative self-selection on human capital, particularly for men and for refugees arriving from the low conflict intensity regions of Ukraine. At the same time, refugees from the low conflict intensity regions arrive with more locally-specific human capital, such as knowledge of the French language, previous visits to Belgium, and access to social networks in Belgium. Such self-selection, driven by individual incentives - economic and patriotic - has societal benefits, such as reduced brain drain for Ukraine and improved job matching in European countries offering protection. |
| Keywords: | Russia-Ukraine war, refugees, human capital, self-selection |
| JEL: | F22 F5 H12 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1591 |
| By: | Torój , Andrzej (SGH Warsaw School of Economics); Bęza-Bojanowska, Joanna (Ministry of Finance); Chmura, Rafał (Ministry of Finance); Kroschel, Dominika (Ministry of Finance); Szczypińska, Agnieszka (Ministry of Finance); Wiśnicki, Bartłomiej (SGH Warsaw School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the properties of the Polish numerical stabilizing expenditure rule (SER) in the context of economic governance review in the EU. To this aim, we use the macroeconometric model NEMPF (Chmura et al., 2024) that offers nuanced, disaggregated mapping between the general government (GG) expenditure categories, the macroeconomic variables (including GDP), and GG revenue categories. This set of detailed links allows for heterogeneous fiscal multipliers by expenditure category, and hence scenario-specific calculation of our categories of interest: the GG revenue, expenditure and balance developments as ratios to GDP. The model-based, endogenous denominator properly accounts for tax base and hence revenue responses to expenditure-side measures. As the Polish SER represents a forward-looking perspective, we propose model solution procedures under model-consistent expectations of policymakers applicable when the perfect foresight assumption is not met. We find that SER generally ensures lower GG deficits (and hence GG debt paths) than policies targeting just-compliance with the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) thresholds. That results in lower GG debt trajectories, as well as creates room for counter-cyclical responses. We also demonstrate a few specific numerical properties of the Polish SER, including how the correction mechanism encourages a more restrictive fiscal policy to build countercyclical buffers. |
| Keywords: | fiscal rules; macroeconomic simulation; public finance; European Union |
| JEL: | C54 E62 H30 |
| Date: | 2025–03–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:mfplwp:0044 |
| By: | Anahit Matinyan (Central Bank of Armenia); Armen Nurbekyan (Central Bank of Armenia) |
| Abstract: | Understanding price-setting behavior is essential to analyze inflation dynamics and design effective monetary policy. While extensive research exists on developed economies, little is known about how prices adjust in emerging markets, like Armenia, which experience high inflation volatility and frequent external shocks. This study fills that gap by examining the price adjustment patterns in Armenia from January 2007 to December 2021, using consumer price data from the Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia. The analysis reveals that prices in Armenia change more frequently than in advanced economies, with an average price spell of 2.4 months. However, the frequency of price changes varies notably across product categories. To better understand inflation dynamics, this study constructs sticky and flexible price inflation measures tailored to Armenian consumer prices. Empirical testing of time-dependent pricing models reveals their limitations in capturing price adjustment behavior in an emerging economy like Armenia. The findings suggest that price changes are influenced by economic shocks rather than occurring purely at fixed intervals, aligning more closely with state-dependent pricing models. |
| Keywords: | Sticky prices, Price adjustment, Infation measurement, Monetary policy |
| JEL: | E31 D40 C82 E52 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ara:wpaper:020 |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40622 |
| By: | Akshar Saxena; Adanna Chukwuma; Seemi Qaiser; Armineh Manookian; Gevorg Minasyan |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Taxation & Subsidies Finance and Financial Sector Development-Access to Finance Health, Nutrition and Population-Food & Nutrition Policy |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40345 |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Environment-Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment-Climate Change and Environment Energy-Energy Conservation & Efficiency |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40546 |
| By: | Ines A. Ferreira; Rachel M. Gisselquist; Finn Tarp |
| Abstract: | Knowledge of the factors driving people's views on redistribution in the Global South remains limited. While these societies occupy top positions in inequality rankings, redistribution levels tend to be lower. We combine survey and experimental data from Mozambique and Viet Nam to test whether redistributive preferences vary depending on the source of inequality, focusing on two channels, fairness views and communication. First, we confirm the finding that inequality resulting from differences in merit is more accepted than inequality due to luck or factors outside of individual control. |
| Keywords: | Inequality, Distributional preferences, Mozambique, Viet Nam |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2025-11 |
| By: | Monica Robayo-Abril; Britta Rude |
| Keywords: | Social Development-Social Inclusion & Institutions Gender-Gender Informatics Gender-Gender Monitoring and Evaluation Private Sector Development-Social Entrepreneurship and Business Clusters |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40668 |
| By: | Monica Robayo-Abril; Britta Rude |
| Keywords: | Education-Access & Equity in Basic Education Education-Educational Institutions & Facilities Gender-Gender and Development Gender-Gender and Education |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40669 |
| By: | Adamus, Magdalena (Slovak Academy of Sciences); Mikušková, Eva Ballová (Slovak Academy of Sciences) |
| Abstract: | Purpose – Following Goldberg ’ s paradigm, this study aims to investigate whether women and men are at risk of differential treatment by HR professionals in recruitment and dismissal processes and focuses on the impact of exogenous factors, such as discrimination and gender norms. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 155 individuals with experience as HR professionals participated in a randomised vignette study. In Task 1, they evaluated three applicants (all three either men or women) for the post of regional sales manager based on the applicant's competences, hireability, likeability and proposed salary. In Task 2, participants were asked to select one of the six employees for dismissal and provide a rationale for their choice. Findings – In Task 1, female applicants were offered significantly lower salaries than male applicants. In addition, average and low-performing male applicants were assessed as less likeable than identical females. In Task 2, the willingness to dismiss increased when employees with frequent absences were presented as men. Originality/value – By involving a sample of HR professionals, the study contributes to the literature and practice by highlighting the differential treatment of women and men in the labour market. While women are likelyto experience direct discrimination in the form of significantly lower pay offers, men may suffer a backlash due to lower educational attainment and absenteeism. The findings suggest that the labour market situation for women is complex and affected by norms and expectations requiring men to behave in a masculine and career-oriented way. |
| Date: | 2023–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:4y6uc_v1 |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population-Health Insurance Health, Nutrition and Population-Health Policy and Management |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40482 |
| By: | Andrew Flores; Dominik Koehler; Leonardo Lucchetti; Clifton Cortez; Jovana Djindji?; Lidija Kuzmanov |
| Keywords: | Gender-Gender and Social Development Gender-Gender and Law Law and Development-Human Rights Law and Development-International Law Social Protections and Labor-Social Protections & Assistance |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40379 |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Environment-Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Growth Poverty Reduction-Poverty, Environment and Development |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40608 |