|
on Transition Economics |
| By: | Vasily Astrov (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Doris Hanzl-Weiss (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | Despite the formal absence of sanctions, gas trade between Russia and the EU has effectively collapsed over the past three and a half years. This has been the outcome of several factors the EU strategy of reducing dependence on Russian gas, Russia’s own supply cuts, physical damage to the crucial pipeline infrastructure and Ukraine’s reluctance to prolong the gas transit contract. The resulting shock of reduced Russian supplies has primarily been absorbed via energy savings, while gas imports from other countries have increased only insignificantly. The case studies of three Central European EU member states Slovakia, Czechia and Hungary – which had all been highly dependent on Russian gas before the start of the war in Ukraine but have adopted very different diversification strategies over the past few years – suggest that the negative effects from reduced Russian supplies could be minimised through the precautionary measures taken and also because of the interconnected nature of these countries’ gas networks with those of other EU countries. Of the four main pipelines that used to bring Russian gas to Europe before the war, only TurkStream remains in operation, although its future is also potentially uncertain. Against this background, European countries would be well advised to expand their gas storage capacities in order to cushion themselves from any future supply shocks and reduce dependence on short-term price fluctuations. |
| Keywords: | gas dependency, energy consumption, gas storage |
| JEL: | Q4 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:pnotes:pn:91 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Environmental Economics & Policies Environment-Environmental Governance Water Supply and Sanitation-Landfills Energy-Energy and Natural Resources |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40686 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Private Sector Development-Private Sector Economics |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40694 |
| By: | Hoang, Diem |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the impacts of trade liberalization on the marital and fertility choices of women in Vietnam. Applying a regional exposure approach, we leverage the U.S.-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) as an exogenous and positive shock to the nation's export growth. Our results indicate that young women (aged 18-28) in provinces more exposed to export tariff reductions tend to delay marriage and childbirth. In contrast, we observe no significant impact on the marriage and fertility decisions of older women, nor any changes in sex-selective behavior across the general population. Further analysis reveals that this trade shock does not influence women's participation in the labor force or their employment status, nor does it lead to increased gender segregation in the labor market. The observed delay in marriage and fertility among young women may be attributed to a shift from agriculture to manufacturing and women staying longer at schools. |
| Abstract: | In diesem Beitrag werden die Auswirkungen der Handelsliberalisierung auf die Heirats- und Fertilitätsentscheidungen von Frauen in Vietnam evaluiert. Unter Anwendung eines regionalen Expositions-Ansatzes nutzen wir das bilaterale Handelsabkommen (BTA) zwischen den USA und Vietnam als exogenen und positiven Schock für das Exportwachstum des Landes. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass junge Frauen (im Alter von 18 bis 28 Jahren) in Provinzen, die stärker von Exportzollsenkungen betroffen sind, dazu neigen, Heirat und Geburten zu verschieben. Im Gegensatz dazu beobachten wir keine signifikanten Auswirkungen auf die Heirats- und Fertilitätsentscheidungen älterer Frauen und auch keine Veränderungen im geschlechtsspezifischen Verhalten in der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Eine weitere Analyse zeigt, dass dieser Handelsschock weder einen Einfluss auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen oder ihren Beschäftigungsstatus hat, noch zu einer verstärkten Geschlechtertrennung auf dem Arbeitsmarkt führt. Die beobachtete Verzögerung bei Heirat und Geburten bei jungen Frauen kann auf eine Verlagerung von der Landwirtschaft zum verarbeitenden Gewerbe und auf einen längeren Schulbesuch der Frauen zurückgeführt werden. |
| JEL: | F61 J13 J16 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:314409 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Finance and Financial Sector Development-Finance and Development Governance-Governance and the Financial Sector |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40804 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Forecasting |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41066 |
| By: | Monica Robayo-Abril; Chifundo Patience Chilera; Britta Rude; Irina Costache |
| Keywords: | Gender-Gender Informatics Gender-Gender Monitoring and Evaluation Gender-Gender and Law Gender-Gender and Governance |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40666 |
| By: | Alan Fuchs Tarlovsky; Maria Fernanda Gonzalez Icaza |
| Keywords: | Gender-Gender and Development Gender-Gender and Economics Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Fiscal Adjustment |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39903 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population-Health Economics & Finance |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40874 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | International Economics and Trade-International Trade and Trade Rules Private Sector Development-Global Value Chains and Business Clustering |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40938 |