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on Transition Economics |
| By: | Biermann, Marcus; Leromain, Elsa |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how firms' international linkages to Russia and Ukraine affected investors' expectations following the escalation of the Russian-Ukrainian war. For this, we perform an event study around the Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, finding that firms with significant trade activity with Russia experienced a substantial reduction in cumulative returns. The effect on cumulative returns is especially pronounced for firms that are dependent on Russian commodities. The impact on the aggregate stock market performance of third countries was on average 0.8 percentage points. The highest losses were borne by European countries. |
| Keywords: | russia-ukraine war; trade linkages; multinationals; stock market; event study; ukraine |
| JEL: | F15 F23 G14 G15 |
| Date: | 2023–01–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121332&r=tra |
| By: | Ermisch, John |
| Abstract: | The paper introduces to comparative cross-national fertility research a method to formalise what is meant by the TFR’s of countries ‘moving together’. It is based on the estimation of long run fertility relationships which are stationary series (so called ‘cointegrating equations’). Six sets of countries with similar TFR movements within each were identified: Northwest Europe (England and Wales, France, Netherlands and Belgium); (2) Southern Europe (Italy, Spain and Portugal); (3) the Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland); (4) Germany and Austria; (5) the Eastern Europe group of Poland, Czechia, Hungary and Estonia); and (6) the group of Russia, Belarus and Lithuania. There are unique features of TFR movements in each region. But Northwest Europe, the Nordic countries and Southern Europe all share a decline in their TFR during the past decade, albeit from different levels of fertility. This strongly suggests that factors influencing fertility during this period do not stem from particular features in each country but broader influences, whether social or economic. |
| Date: | 2023–09–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:nej84&r=tra |
| By: | Solanko, Laura |
| Abstract: | Russia does not release information on the numbers of mobilized and recruited men or casualties of war in Ukraine. In this small note, I propose to use information from regional banking data as a proxy for analyzing the regional incidence of Russian mobilization. Some regions have seen rapid increases in household bank deposits not easily attributable to regional macroeconomic or institutional factors. Such regions coincide with the regions with proportionally large numbers of mobilized soldiers. It is plausible that the high salaries and hefty payments promised to contract soldiers, mobilized reservists and their families in the event of serious injury or death show up as spikes in regional bank deposits. |
| Keywords: | Russia, regions, mobilization, war casualties, bank deposits |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bofitb:283620&r=tra |
| By: | Simone Emiliozzi (Bank of Italy); Fabrizio Ferriani (Bank of Italy); Andrea Gazzani (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 led to severe disruptions in the European gas market, with significant repercussions on a global scale. The conflict caused a surge in energy prices, a major reshuffling of global natural gas flows, and a shift in the policy-makers' agendas towards energy supply security. This paper describes the global gas market and analyses the consequences of the war, focusing in particular on the European gas market and on global LNG trade flows. We first review the characteristics of the gas market in terms of both pricing benchmarks and contractual terms. Next, we analyse the changes to LNG and natural gas production, consumption, and trade flows throughout the 2022-23 energy crisis. Finally, we review the main policy response to the energy crisis and present some considerations on the gas market outlook. |
| Keywords: | natural gas, energy crisis, LNG, fragmentation |
| JEL: | L95 P28 Q35 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_824_23&r=tra |
| By: | Giovanna Scarcilli (University of Milan) |
| Abstract: | This paper adopts a novel copula-based technique to measure multidimensional dependence among facets of cumulative deprivation and provides empirical insights on this phenomenon from a cross-country and time perspective. Cumulative deprivation is a condition of simultaneous relative poverty across multiple dimensions of life. The dimensions taken into account are: disposable income, health status, housing quality, job conditions and educational attainment. Multidimensional deprivation is evaluated with the downward diagonal dependence index (DDDI). This index provides a measure of statistical dependence among the considered dimensions specifically for the bottom part of the overall joint distribution. The empirical application focuses on Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Czech republic, Romania and Sweden from 2007 to 2019 using EU-SILC data. In the considered period cumulative deprivation and multidimensional dependence both show a growing trend. The rise in the proportion of people who are deprived in many different dimensions strengthens their statistical association. The growth of multidimensional dependence is concerning and requires reconsidering the actual welfare states and their policies. |
| Keywords: | Cumulative deprivation, Copula function, Multidimensional dependence, Cross time and country comparisons |
| JEL: | D63 I32 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inq:inqwps:ecineq2024-667&r=tra |
| By: | Elise-Nicoleta Valcu (University of Pitesti, Romania) |
| Abstract: | The investment made in generating and applying intellectual capital is a determining factor in terms of competitiveness and performance related to innovation, regardless of whether we consider a cross-border or a national market. In most cases, marketers resort to different means to appropriate the results of their own innovation activities. One of these means is the use of intellectual property rights, such as patents, design rights or copyright. Another means of protecting innovation results is to protect access to information that has some value to an entity and is not widely known. In the context of Union law, mentioning in this regard Directive (EU) 2016/943 on the protection of know-how and undisclosed business information (trade secrets) know-how and valuable undisclosed business information which is intended to remain confidential are called trade secrets. In the context of an increasingly dynamic and technological Union and international market, trade secrets, characterized by the fact that they go beyond the framework of technological knowledge and include commercial data, such as customer and supplier information, business plans and studies and strategies market, are as important as patents and other forms of intellectual property rights. The issue of commercial secrecy is regulated in Romanian legislation under OG 25/2019 on the protection of know-how and undisclosed business information that constitutes secrets. Therefore, this research aims to address the issue of commercial secrecy as a variation of the know-how from the EU and Romanian legislative perspective of transposition. |
| Keywords: | trade secret, technical procedures, trade secret holder, infringer |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0288&r=tra |
| By: | Thanh P. Hui; Katsushi S. Imai |
| Abstract: | This study analyses the long-lasting effects of the Vietnam War on the human capital of first and second generations after 50 years. Our focus is on Agent Orange, herbicide bombings used by the US military during the Vietnam War from 1962 to 1971. Although there is extensive research on the direct impacts of exposure to the war on education, health, and economic conditions, little is known about its outcomes on children born well after the war. Using the nationally representative household data in 2014, 2016, and 2018, combined with Agent Orange Data, this paper finds evidence that bombing exposure has long-lasting adverse effects not only on the affected generation but also on the children of those who experienced the conflicts. Overall, women tend to be more severely influenced by bombings than men, and the adverse effects on years of education are persistent in the second generation. In the first generation, there are also stronger effects on individuals exposed to the bombing after birth than those exposed in utero. Results based on 2SLS show that mothers’ exposure to shocks during the prenatal period or after birth significantly affects the schooling level of their children, especially among the mother-daughter dyads. |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:man:sespap:2401&r=tra |
| By: | Dragos Lucian Radulescu (Petroleum Gas University of Ploiesti, Romania) |
| Abstract: | Discrimination in legal employment relationships involves the existence of differential treatment applied by the employer in violation of protected criteria established in the states’ national legislation to restrain or eliminate the use or exercise of employees’ rights. Discrimination involves the imposition of differentiation between employees, usually in comparable situations, and the application of identical treatment, even though they have different duties in the work process, with similar effects of excluding their rights. The article analyses multiple discrimination concerning the relevant European and national legislation, with reference to international and European regulations and relevant case law. |
| Keywords: | discrimination, multiple, rights, criteria, regulations |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0305&r=tra |
| By: | Aitmagambetov Duman Ramazanovich (L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan) |
| Abstract: | The article is devoted to a historical and geographical overview of the famine in Kazakhstan during 1921-1922 and its reflection in the modern appearance of Kazakhstanis. In Kazakhstan, this famine is known as the first famine of the Kazakhs under Soviet rule. The main purpose of this work is to familiarize foreign researchers and readers with the topic of the famine of 1921-1922 and its consequences. As a research task, the author attempted to present to the reader the main causes of famine in Kazakhstan, the scale of damage and the impact of famine on the life of the indigenous population of the republic in modern times through a review of historical and demographic analysis. The peculiarity of the research methodology is the generalization and systematization of works on the subject and conclusions regarding the traces of injuries in the minds of the population. The author concludes that not all aspects of the famine of 1921-1922 have been sufficiently studied, among the necessary to study, in addition to historical-demographic and landscape-climatic aspects, the author also includes historical-geographical and migration aspects. The article uses new archival materials and the latest research of Kazakhstani scientists and historians on the topic in recent years, which allows us to delve even deeper into the thick of those events. |
| Keywords: | famine, food spread, Kazakh famine, demographic crisis, migration, mental trauma, historical memory |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0297&r=tra |
| By: | Doina Muresan (Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest, Romania) |
| Abstract: | The paper enhances the current understanding of public administration's support for entrepreneurship, providing knowledge that could generate interest in this topic. It analyzes the collaboration among public policies, the public sector, the private sector, and non-governmental organizations, and the following dependent variables: innovation, e-government and digitization, entrepreneurship support ecosystems, and risks in this approach. The academic significance of this research lies in its provision of evidence for the moderating role of NGOs in expanding PPPs to support entrepreneurs. The paper reviews European and national specialized literature in the field of social entrepreneurship. This review focuses on the role of public administrations in supporting social projects and proposes a conceptual model that outlines its empirical boundaries. Additionally, the paper outlines the statistical methods used for this part of the analysis. The findings then lead to suggestions for future research on the role of public administration as a facilitator of social entrepreneurship. |
| Keywords: | public entrepreneurship, public policies, public private partnership, social entrepreneurship |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0303&r=tra |
| By: | Carmina-Elena Tolbaru (Pitesti University Center, Romania,) |
| Abstract: | Money laundry is a boosting phenomenon worldwide, affecting multiple domains of social life, and we need sustainable efforts to hinder the actions committed by offenders to hide the profits obtained from their offences. The complexity and magnitude of this phenomenon taking place at present is explained within the context of growth of technology, which opens new horizons concerning offence-related opportunities. Thus, offences such as tax evasion, financing terrorist organisations, drug trafficking, corruption, frauds, as well as any other illegal financial activities, are committed regarding the offence of money laundry, witnessing a form of organised cross-border criminality. Starting in 2021, the rate of illegal use of crypto currencies for the purpose of money laundry has registered a significant growth, which made the European Union establish a new regulation framework in the field of combating money laundry, extending the field of application of rules to crypto-assets transfers. This paper analyzes the growing global phenomenon of the use of crypto-assets for criminal purposes, examines the regulatory framework in the European Union, and provides practical recommendations that can help prevent and combat money laundering. |
| Keywords: | money laundry, offenders, organised crime, crypto-assets, European rules |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0312&r=tra |