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on Transition Economics |
| By: | Allen, Franklin; Qian, Jun; Qian, Meijun |
| Abstract: | The spectacular economic growth in China in the past four decades has inspired a large strand of research to understand China's unconventional growth path. This paper focuses on the recent development of China's institutions, financial markets, innovations and government-business relations in the context of their roles in supporting China's growth. The government's role in finance and the economy has advantages and disadvantages as compared to developed markets in the West. Alternative financing channels and governance mechanisms, rather than the markets and banks, continue to promote growth in the most dynamic sectors of the economy, despite the fact that China has passed the early-development stage. More research is needed to understand the Chinese experience and see whether similar mechanisms are behind the growth in other economies. |
| Keywords: | alternative finance; government; Innovation; institutions; markets; Property rights |
| JEL: | G2 K0 O5 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:13269&r=tra |
| By: | Chen, Yi; Fan, Ziying; Gu, Xiaomin; Zhou, Li-An |
| Abstract: | This paper studies human-capital spillovers and its persistence by exploiting a unique event in modern China|the send-down movement. From 1962 to 1979, the Chinese central government mandated the temporary resettlement of roughly 18 million urban youths to rural areas across the country. The movement's coercive features, together with strict restrictions on migration during that period, provide an ideal natural experiment to identify the causal impact of the better-educated sent-down youths (SDYs) on the less-educated local rural residents. Using a county-level dataset compiled from over 3,000 book-length local gazetteers and microlevel population censuses, we find that a greater exposure to SDYs significantly increased local residents' educational achievement. Our estimate shows that the unintended gain of rural education almost compensated the loss in urban China due to the educational disruption during the Cultural Revolution. The positive effect gradually declined as SDYs started to return to their urban homes in the late 1970s, but it never dropped to zero, indicating the persistence of human-capital spillovers. We also find suggestive evidence that the arrival of young talents reshapes the attitudes of local residents toward education. |
| Keywords: | Send-down Movement,Rural Education,Human-capital Spillovers |
| JEL: | I25 J24 N35 O15 R23 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:272&r=tra |
| By: | Liu, C.; Yi, F.; Xu, Z. |
| Abstract: | This study pioneers the application of the New Economics of Labor Migration theory to outline and estimate two opposite effects of labor loss driven by the migration and remittances of adult children on the health of left-behind elderly parents through the changing rural market constraints. We use China's rural household survey data and simultaneous equation econometric techniques to estimate the effects of migration on the physical and mental health of left-behind elders. Results indicate that the loss of labor to migration has a significantly negative effect on the health of left-behind elders, but remittances from migrants can compensate for the adverse effect. This study provides a comprehensive understanding that remittances from migration relax the constraints on household resource allocations in undeveloped rural areas with imperfect market conditions. Overall, left-behind elderly parents benefit from migrant children both physically and mentally. Acknowledgement : Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support by National Science Foundation of China (Grants: 71673137), Nanjing Agricultural University (Grants: Y0201400037, SKCX2015004), Education department of Jiangsu province (Grant: 2014SJD069), Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), China Center for Food Security Studies at Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Rural Development and Land Policy Research Institute, and Jiangsu Agriculture Modernization Decision Consulting Center. All remaining errors are ours. |
| Keywords: | Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:276975&r=tra |
| By: | Tomislav Herceg (Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb); Lorena ?kufli? (Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb); Iva Vuksanovi? Herceg (Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade) |
| Abstract: | New EU member states face both migrational and natural demographic decline, while the old member states compensate the negative net birth rate with the immigration. A poor level of development of the economy as well as the accession to EU encouraged net emigration from the new member states. A panel data for the 12 new member states for the period 2007 - 2016 was used to determine how the length of membership and the GDP per capita trailing behind the EU average affect the proportion of the net emigration. It has been shown that a country has to reach at least 85% of the GDP p.c. of the EU average (measured in PPS) to prevent these tendencies, but this level increases with each year of membership by 1,37%. Croatian current GDP p.c. level at 60% of the EU average, lagging more than 30 percentage points behind the non-emigration level, is one of the reasons for the up to that moment unseen level of the net emigration (0,90% of population in 2016). |
| Keywords: | emigration, new EU member states, old EU member states, depopulation,economic development |
| JEL: | J11 A10 J19 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:ibmpro:6808512&r=tra |
| By: | Ba, H.A.; Demont, M.; Veettil, P.C. |
| Abstract: | With the growing concern for issues related to climate change, the development of sustainable agricultural value chains is of prime concern. Using a Discrete Choice Experiment, we examine both firms and farmers prospective responses to the internalization of sustainability through contract farming in the Vietnamese rice sector. Our findings suggest that farmers are more willing to internalize environmental sustainable production standards in contract farming than agribusiness firms. The latter are found less likely to mandate GlobalGAP/VietGAP production standards due to the cost of implementation and the lack of institutional support. It may be more interesting for firms to invest in standards with lower entry barrier. Furthermore, the internalization of the socio-economic pillar of sustainability in contract farming may require stimulating demand for sustainable rice and providing an enabling institutional environment for both farmers and firms to grasp new market opportunities. Acknowledgement : This research was conducted as part of the CORIGAP project: Closing Rice Yield Gaps in Asia with Reduced Environmental Footprint. The project was funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). Additional funding was provided by the CGIAR Research Program on Rice. The authors would like to acknowledge Nguyen Thi Kieu and Nguyen Thi My Phung from the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD), Can Tho and An Giang, Vietnam for their excellent research support. |
| Keywords: | Marketing |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277390&r=tra |
| By: | Guan, L.; Jin, S.; Huang, Z. |
| Abstract: | Time preference has been recognized by numerous studies as an important driver of a number of health-related behaviors such as fatness, smoking and food choices. However, its possible role in food nutrition information search has been widely neglected. This study aims to examine directly if food nutrition information search is associated with the behavioral inclinations in time preference in China. Based on theoretical analysis, this paper illustrated that individuals with lower time preference stress more on future utility and tend to search more nutrition information. In empirical investigation, time preference was elicited in two ways: psychological perspective and monetary perspective. Data for the analysis were collected in 10 cities of 5 provinces in China through face-to-face interviews on sample of 1220 Chinese consumers undertaken in 2016. In the psychological perspective, this paper found that future-oriented (low time preference) individuals were more likely to search food nutrition information both in nutrition facts panels and nutrition claims. In monetary perspective, this paper found that only time-consistent long-run patience had a weak impact on food nutrition information search. Different significance between monetary and psychological health domain results confirmed the existence of domain independence. Acknowledgement : The authors would like to thank research assistant Haiyue Guo, Yue Jin, Changhua Qian, Rao Yuan, Zhanyi Shi, Yu Jiang for their helpful support. We gratefully acknowledge the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC-71273233, 71333011) and the Major Program of the Key Research Institute of Chinese Ministry of Education (No. 15JJD790032). |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277205&r=tra |
| By: | Lin, S.; Han, H. |
| Abstract: | Using panel data of 31 provinces during 1997-2014 in China, this paper fills the void of examining the determinants of capital flows across regions within China specific attention is given to the role of government size in capital flows across Shanhai Pass. Based on the fixed-effect model, the impactors of classical capital flows are tested. While government size is the main hinder impeding capital flows, capital return, institutional quality, human capital is conducive to capital inflow. However, when the components of the aggregate government expenditures is divided into two parts of productive expenditures on physical infrastructure and on education, it is proved that productive expenditures on physical infrastructure negatively correlate with capital inflows. In particular, there is strong impact of Lucas paradox that is the negative correlation of TFP and GDP growth with capital inflows; more importantly, lagged saving rate has a significantly positive impact on capital inflows namely the Feldstein-Horioka puzzle indicates the severe capital market segmentation. Overall, the main findings are that oversized government, especially government expenditures on physical infrastructure are major impediments to china s capital inflows among regions. Therefore, it is urgent to let market play a fundamental role in resource allocation, especially capital allocation. Acknowledgement : This research was supported by the Major Program of the National Social Science Foundation of China (Grant No.14 ZDA070) and by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities 2017. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277515&r=tra |
| By: | Cao, H.; Zhao, K.; Huang, H. |
| Abstract: | In this paper, 797 households in Henan and Ningxia were selected as sample, and the binary Logit Model was used to analyze the influencing factors of pro-environmental behavior in grain farmers production and operation. The results show that: farmers in production and management have begun showing a pro-environmental trend. The main factors that affect the production and management of grain farmers include the characteristics of farmers' personal characteristics, family characteristics, cultivated land resources endowment, cognitive characteristics and location characteristics. The educational level, participation in skills training , income level, breeding status, joining cooperatives, awareness of arable land protection policy, whether the main grain producing areas and other factors have a significant positive impact on the pro-environmental behavior of farmers. And age, management type, fragmentation of cultivated land and other factors have a significant negative impact on the pro-environmental behavior of farmers. The factors such as the quantity of labor force, the importance of protecting the cultivated land and the cognition of person liable of the cultivated land protection have no significant effect on the pro-environmental behavior of the farmers. Other factors have different effects on the pro-environmental behavior of farmers. Acknowledgement : Hui Cao thanks Jingjing Sun and other research group members for the contribution made in the questionnaire survey and data processing. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277110&r=tra |
| By: | Chen, H. |
| Abstract: | China is attempting to increase average farm size for relaxing laborers from land, however, the potential farm land size and productivity Inverse Relationship (IR) is triggering an intensive debate. As the China s agricultural insurance market has grown rapidly in recent years, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether the insurance can be a tool for mitigating the IR. We first model how risk causes IR. The finding brings an additional layer to the existing literature: a constant relative risk averse farmer still suffers from IR due to the Income Share Effect. When farm land size increases, the share of risky farm income rises, result in farmers to be more conservative, which causes efficiency loss. With insurance scheme, the lost productivity is recovered. A large-scale filed survey data is employed to test theoretical findings. Results show that, for farmers without insurance, the IR does exist. As land size increases 1 mu, the productivity significantly decreases 0.5 jin/mu, which is 4.5% decrease in total production if the government wants to increase average farm size from 10 mu to 100 mu. For the farmers with insurance purchase, the lost productivity is fully recovered as the theoretical model predicted and IR disappears. Acknowledgement : I am extremely grateful to my advisors Michael R. Carter and Stephen R. Boucher for invaluable discussions, guidance, and support. I also thank Danie A. Sumner, Jikun Huang, Wuyang Hu, Kevin Novan, Meilin Ma for helpful comments, as well as seminar participants.I would like to express special thanks to researchers at China Center for Agricultural Policy (CCAP) as well for their great efforts in conducting field surveys and collecting first-hand household data used in this study. |
| Keywords: | Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277003&r=tra |
| By: | IRMA GUGA (UNIVERSITY OF TIRANA) |
| Abstract: | At early stages of transition, markets are in their first steps and sometimes do not exist in the literal sense of the word. Even after many years of development, the markets in transitional economies may be imperfect as well as incomplete. In these circumstances we cannot pretend the market system itself will determine prices and reallocate resources to more productive sectors.Also, being for many decades isolated from the outside world and external development, the economy and enterprises themselves are in great need of new and advanced technology. Obviously, there is need of economic sustainability and the social environment for the establishment and development of private sector.In these circumstances, obviously there is need for some restrictions and obligations. These are necessary for the very existence of a country, but when these limits exceed the target then the problem arises. Economic freedom, inter alia, will be defined as "the lack of pressure or governmental constraints on the production, distribution or consumption of utility goods beyond what is needed for citizens to protect and preserve their freedom to work, produce, consume and invested so that they feel they are productive "(Angjeli, A; 2007: 70).Over two?thirds of studies on economic freedom, found it to correspond to a ?good? outcome such as faster growth, better living standards, more happiness, etc. ( Hall, C. J; Lawson, A. R; 2013) For these reasons, we are having a look on economic freedom to see how this indicator has affected the Albanian economy and whether its values are comparable to those of the countries we aspire to. |
| Keywords: | economic freedom, economy growth, rule of law, government size, regulatory efficiency, open markets |
| JEL: | O10 H10 P14 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:ibmpro:6810253&r=tra |
| By: | Jan Witajewski-Baltvilks; Piotr Lewandowski; Aleksander Szpor; Jan Baran; Marek Antosiewicz |
| Abstract: | This report presents the main economic facts on the role of coal in the Polish economy, and analyses the implications of the transition away from coal for coal consumption and coal mining employment in Poland. Poland’s energy mix relies on coal, most of which is domestically produced. We argue that issues related to job creation and the cushioning of negative shocks for workers are key for the phasing out of coal in Poland, especially at the regional and local levels. Our simulations show that achieving the Paris Agreement target is feasible in Poland provided hard coal consumption is cut by 20% between 2015 and 2030, and by 55% between 2015 and 2050. We estimate that this reduction in coal consumption would translate into a decline in mining employment of 47% between 2015 and 2030, and of 77% between 2015 and 2050. On the labour supply side, the reduction in employment can be achieved through natural attrition; i.e., through an outflow of workers to retirement and a moderate inflow of new workers. Training programmes, vocational courses, in-work benefits, and social policy instruments should be used to ease the transition. |
| Keywords: | coal, mining, low-carbon transition, structural change, labour market |
| JEL: | J21 L71 Q43 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ibt:report:rr042018&r=tra |
| By: | Jaghdani, T. Jamali; Tleubayev, A.; Gotz, L.; Svanidze, M. |
| Abstract: | We study the effects of Russia s food import ban implemented in August of 2014 on the Russian dairy market based on the price transmission and price dispersion approach. Cheese is the only dairy product for which domestic production has significantly increased since the implementation of the import ban whereas cheese imports have strongly decreased. Results show that for most of the regional price pairs under study, cointegration of cheese prices between producing and consuming regions has substantially increased with the import ban. In 29 out of the 39 price pairs cointegration emerged after the implementation of the import ban. Furthermore, in 5 price pairs the degree of long term price transmission and speed of adjustment improved significantly during the import ban regime. Moreover, the dispersion of cheese prices between consuming metropoles and cheese producing regions has significantly increased. The export ban, reduction in import level of cheese and milk, and increase in agricultural price index has affected the dispersion significantly. We conclude that in spite of the observed reinforced integration of regional markets, the market efficiency in general has not increased necessarily by the boosted domestic cheese trade. Acknowledgement : This study was conducted within the STARLAP project, financially supported by the German Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) through the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE). |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277373&r=tra |
| By: | Yao Amber Li (Institute of Emerging Market Studies, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology); Valérie Smeets (Aarhus University); Frédéric Warzynski (Aarhus University) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we use a detailed production survey in the Chinese manufacturing industry to estimate both revenue and physical productivity and relate our measurements to firms' trade activity. We find that Chinese exporters for largely export oriented products like leather shoes or shirts appear to be less efficient than firms only involved on the domestic market based on the standard revenue productivity measure. However, we show strong positive export premium when we instead consider physical productivity. The simple and intuitive explanation of our results is that exporters charge on average lower prices. We focus more particularly on the role of processing trade and find that price differences are especially large for firms involved in this type of contractual arrangements. We suggest three reasons to explain this result. First, lower prices may simply be due to a mechanical effect as processing trade products are not subject to tariffs nor have to pay VAT. Second, some types of processing trade activities entail that the processing trade firm receives the inputs for free from the contracting firm, therefore artificially depressing the values of inputs or materials used for the firm's production. Third, lower prices may also be a consequence of transfer pricing, as multinationals involved in FDI in China may alter the price charged for inter-company transactions to shift funds within the organization. |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hku:wpaper:201858&r=tra |
| By: | Amat Adarov (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Vasily Astrov (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Alexandra Bykova (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Rumen Dobrinsky (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Richard Grieveson (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Julia Grübler (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Doris Hanzl-Weiss (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Peter Havlik (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Philipp Heimberger (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Mario Holzner (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Gabor Hunya (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Michael Landesmann (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Sebastian Leitner (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Isilda Mara (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Olga Pindyuk (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Leon Podkaminer (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Sandor Richter (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Hermine Vidovic (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | The outlook for growth in CESEE remains generally positive, but downside risks have increased significantly since our last forecast. The main areas of concern are the developing US-China trade war and the potential for a renewed outbreak of the eurozone crisis. |
| Keywords: | CESEE, economic forecast, Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, Western Balkans, new EU Member States, CIS, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Romania, Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey, convergence, business cycle, overheating, external risks, trade war, EU funds, private consumption, credit, investment, exports, FDI, labour markets, unemployment, employment, wage growth, unit labour costs, migration, inflation, savings rate, DCFTA, Belt and Road Initiative |
| JEL: | E20 E32 F15 F21 F22 F32 F51 G21 H60 J20 J30 J61 O47 O52 O57 P24 P27 P33 P52 |
| Date: | 2018–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:fpaper:fc:autumn2018&r=tra |
| By: | Zhang, C.; Sun, Y.; Hu, R. |
| Abstract: | The large urban-rural income inequality and indiscriminate use of fertilizer and pesticide, as well as the related environment degradation in China during the past decades concern the society. However, little is known about the relationship between the urban-rural income inequality and agricultural fertilizer and pesticide use in China. Based on the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, this study aims to reveal how the urban-rural income inequality affects fertilizer and pesticide use from 1995 to 2015 in China. The results show that the relationship between per capita income of the rural households and per hectare fertilizer and pesticide use supports the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Meanwhile, there exists a significant and positive relationship between the urban-rural income inequality and per hectare fertilizer and pesticide use. The share of agricultural value added in provincial gross domestic product not only directly influences fertilizer and pesticide use, but affects the relationship between the urban-rural income inequality and fertilizer and pesticide use. This study demonstrates that more efforts should be devoted to narrowing the urban-rural income inequality and deepening the reform of agricultural research and extension system to reduce agricultural fertilizer and pesticide use in China. Acknowledgement : This study was supported by the Beijing Institute of Technology [grant number 20172242001] and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China [grant number 2016YFD0201301]. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277033&r=tra |
| By: | Simone Auer (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we test whether a wage Phillips curve can still be considered a reliable approximation of nominal wage determination in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic. The empirical evidence is broadly in favour of the existence of a negative relation between labour market slack and nominal wage inflation in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) economies between 2001 and 2017. However, after 2009 wage inflation was significantly below the value that would have been predicted by an estimated wage Phillips curve. The results of rolling OLS estimations confirm a weakening of the negative relation with the unemployment gap. A closer look at the recent evolution of labour market conditions in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic suggests that the composition effects on labour supply, especially those linked to demographic and migration trends, could be particularly relevant. Other possible explanations generally mentioned with reference to advanced economies - such as a large share of long-term unemployment, part-time and temporary workers or workers that are underemployed or marginally attached to the labour market - probably had no role or only a marginal one in the recent weak nominal wage growth in the three countries. |
| Keywords: | wage growth, Phillips curve, unemployment, labour supply |
| JEL: | E24 E31 J21 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_460_18&r=tra |
| By: | Jiang, Xuan; Kennedy, Kendall; Zhong, Jiatong |
| Abstract: | At the end of 1978, China opened the door to trade with foreign businesses. This study investigates how the Open Door Policy's implementation affected the skill composition and skill premium for workers born 1960-1970. Using measures of local labor markets' export exposure, we find that for every $1000 increase in exports per worker, high school completion rates decreased by 4.5 p.p. for workers born in 1970, compared to those born in 1960. Linking this to mid-career outcomes in 2010, we show that highly export-exposed workers in China have a $124 greater return to an additional year of schooling than their less export-exposed brethren. This suggests China's growth was likely dampened and its income inequality widened during the early industrialization of the 1980s and 1990s, as the Open Door Policy simultaneously reduced the availability of skilled labor and increased the skill premium. |
| Keywords: | Open Door Policy, educational attainment, high school completion, skill premium |
| JEL: | I20 I25 |
| Date: | 2018–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:89649&r=tra |
| By: | Biliang, L. |
| Abstract: | Purpose - Based on the brief historical review, this paper expounds the target and bottom line for the farmland institutional reform of in China, analyzes the Chinese scenes and historical heritage of farmland institutional arrangement, evaluates the policies and their effects over the last four decades and outlines the keynotes and possible direction of the future reform. Design/methodology/approach - Build the analytical clue of institutional target - institutional heritage - policy effort - realistic dilemma future direction and review and forecast the Chinese farmland institutional reform. Findings - The farmland institutional is an important issue with Chinese characteristics. Over the last four decades, the farmland institutional reform in China has focused on stabilizing the land property rights and promote the farmland transfer . As the study indicates, the promotion of farmland transfer has not effectively improved the scale economy of agriculture and stabilizing land property rights by titling may restrain the development of farmland transfer market, because farmland transfer is of special market logic. Originality/value - It depends on the revitalization of farmland management rights to resolve the transaction constraint of personal property and its endowment effect in farmland transfer. And classifying the land management property to involve farmers into the economy of division can be reference for the reform of traditional agriculture worldwide. Acknowledgement : This paper is sponsored by the key project of National Natural Science Foundation of China: Research on Rural Land and Relevant Element Market Cultivation and Reform (Grant No. 71333004) and by the key policy research project of National Natural Science Foundation of China: Farmland Titling: Realistic Background, Policy Objective and Effect Evaluation (Grant No. 71742003). |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277032&r=tra |
| By: | VU, Manh Tien |
| Abstract: | We examine whether Vietnamese migrant workers induce different gender roles in housework division among their left-behind household members. Using two waves of Vietnamese Household Living Standard Surveys (2006-2008), we apply the first-difference method and deploy a simple household fixed effects model with instrumental variables for robustness check. We find temporary female migrants are associated with a higher probability of undertaking housework by left-behind male members and there is a reduction in the gender gap of time spent on chores. However, we find little evidence for a similar reduction in the gender gap where household size is altered for other reasons. |
| Keywords: | Gender, Housework, Housework division, Migration, Vietnam, J16, D13, O15 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agi:wpaper:00000148&r=tra |
| By: | M. Hakan Eratalay; Evgenii V. Vladimirov |
| Abstract: | In this article we use partial correlations to derive bidirectional connections between major firms listed in the Moscow Stock Exchange. We obtain coefficients of partial correlation from the correlation estimates of the Constant Conditional Correlation GARCH (CCC-GARCH) and the consistent Dynamic Conditional Correlation GARCH (cDCC-GARCH) models. We map the graph of partial correlations using the Gaussian Graphical Model and apply network analysis to identify the most central firms in terms of both shock propagation and connectedness with others. Moreover, we analyze some network characteristics over time and based on these we construct a measure of system vulnerability to external shocks. Our findings suggest that during the crisis interconnectedness between firms strengthens and becomes polarized and the system becomes more vulnerable to systemic shocks. In addition, we found that the most connected firms are the state-owned firms Sberbank and Gazprom and the private oil company Lukoil, while in the top most central in terms of systemic risk contributors Sberbank gave its place to NLMK Group. |
| Keywords: | Multivariate GARCH, Volatility Spillovers, Network connections, MICEX |
| JEL: | C01 C13 C32 C52 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtk:febawb:111&r=tra |
| By: | Yu, L.; Huang, W. |
| Abstract: | Although the role of farmer cooperatives as a social unit can have impact on their performance, empirical analysis on how societal output and social value relevant variables affect the cooperatives performance is sparse. The objective of this paper is to provide an economic framework and operational model for performance measurement of farmer cooperative associated with societal impact. A multi-output translog production function considering social output represented by the number of beneficiary farmers using data from surveys 164 cooperatives in Fujian province, China, is estimated. The average technical efficiency of cooperatives is estimated to be 0.747, implying that cooperatives can be increased by 25.30% without any additional resources given the current production input level. It is interesting to find that cooperatives efficiency scores and their rankings are significantly different with and without taking societal output into account, which indicates that social output created by the number of beneficial farmers cannot be ignored when evaluating cooperative s performance. The societal value relevant variables for technical inefficiency factors represented by extent of providing members service, namely training members and selling products are also found negatively affecting technical efficiency of cooperatives. The findings indicate the evaluation of cooperatives performance should consider their non-economic social contribution. Acknowledgement : The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University FAFU university: 2016 project (social science category) for supporting outstanding young scientific researchers: (NO: xjq201632).We also acknowledge the kind help from Professor Jerker Nilsson. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277512&r=tra |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | In the framework of the second phase of the Swiss State Secretariat of Economic Affairs (SECO)-government finance statistics (GFS) capacity building project, a technical assistance (TA) mission on GFS visited Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the period of November 27 – December 1, 2017. The mission was conducted by Mr. Léonard Haakman and coordinated with Mr. Deon Tanzer, the government finance statistics (GFS) advisor.1for South East Europe. It was a follow-up of previous TA missions to Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the context of the SECO project in the period 2015–2017. The mission worked with officials from the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina (CBBH) on the compilation of GFS per the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014 (GFSM 2014) and the European System of National and Regional Accounts 2010 (ESA 2010). |
| Keywords: | Bosnia and Herzegovina;Europe; |
| Date: | 2018–10–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:18/292&r=tra |
| By: | Michal Buszko (Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun); Dorota Krupa (Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun); Malwina Chojnacka (Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun) |
| Abstract: | Banks often offer their products and services to young people, i.e. children, youths and young adults. Such products and services are characterised by special features and functions as they are offered to clients with low financial competences, low economic knowledge as well as a lack of regular income. In effect they do not bring current profits to banks and the process of servicing of young people is treated rather as a long-term investment project. The purpose of this paper is to characterise and evaluate bank products and services offered to young customers, including their features, functions and legal terms of using as well as to identify ways of their offering in the Polish banking sector. To achieve the research goal, the authors studied literature, analysed offers of banks in Poland, and conducted a survey using CAWI technique on a group of 209 young respondents. Based on the research, the authors identified optimal features of products and services for young customers as well as their customisation. The authors also identified several models of offering products to children, youths and young adults. The research indicated that young people use bank products and services commonly and they are satisfied with banking offers. They find safety of money as the most important feature of products and services. |
| Keywords: | bank products and services, children, youths, young adults, models of offering |
| JEL: | D83 G21 M31 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:ibmpro:6810238&r=tra |
| By: | Hana Slová?ková (Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Wood Products Economics and Policy); Pavel Klein (Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Wood Products Economics and Policy); Jakub Michal (Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Wood Products Economics and Policy); David B?ezina (Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Wood Products Economics and Policy) |
| Abstract: | Business ethics, corporate social responsibility and environmental management in business largely overlap and are often the reason for the controversy over their effectiveness and real benefits for businesses and society. An elementary prerequisite for their effective functioning is the overall social interest. Specifically, it concerns the interest on the part of businesses management and, on the other hand, the interest of the citizens who are able to appreciate these practices and put a special emphasis on them. The constant pressure for the protection of the environment from interest groups and international organizations is of a fundamental importance in the development and application of ethical, social and environmental standards that are used in business practice. The information contained in this article presents the information from both primary and secondary surveys carried out in the Czech Republic. The aim of the information is to assess the attitudes of the respondents in the Czech Republic toward the issue of the overall social nature, which the business ethics and related areas such as corporate social responsibility and environmental management certainly are. In the light of the results of national surveys, it is possible to talk about a contradictory perception of these areas. The contradictory nature can be mainly seen in the positive attitudes toward the acquaintance with this issue and the real interest in the support through a financial compensation of such an approach to business. All interpretations are based on the data, which are derived from the questionnaire surveys carried out in the years 2015 - 2018. |
| Keywords: | social responsibility, marketing, forest products, labor and consumers, labor management, environmental and ecological economics, sustainable development |
| JEL: | M14 Q00 Q01 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:ibmpro:6810197&r=tra |
| By: | Jing Cai; Yuyu Chen; Xuan Wang |
| Abstract: | This paper exploits a tax reform on manufacturing firms in China to study the impact of taxes on firm innovation. The reform switched the corporate income tax collection from the local to the state tax bureau and reduced the effective tax rate by 10%. The reform only applied to firms established after January 2002, allowing us to use regression discontinuity design as the identification strategy. The results show that lower taxes improved both quantity and quality of firm innovation. Moreover, the reform has a bigger impact on firms that are financially constrained and firms that engage more in tax evasion. |
| JEL: | H25 O31 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:25146&r=tra |
| By: | Finn Tarp |
| Abstract: | This study takes as its starting point what Gunnar Myrdal had to say about Viet Nam in the context of his seminal work, Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations, published in 1968. Myrdal pointed to the decisive nature of the Vietnamese people; and subsequent developments, which are explained in detail in this paper, demonstrate that amply. Viet Nam adopted a dogged and, in retrospect, very costly position on economic policy and management from 1976. At the same time, when the approach taken did not produce the hoped-for results, an effective course correction was initiated in 1986 in the context of a comprehensive, domestically owned reform programme known as Doi Moi. Since then, Viet Nam has come a very long way; the last three decades have witnessed one of the best performances in the world in terms of both economic growth and poverty reduction. People’s living standards have improved significantly, and the country’s socio-economic achievements are impressive from a human development perspective. Wide-ranging institutional reform has been introduced, including a greater reliance on market forces in the allocation of resources and the determination of prices. The shift from an economy completely dominated by the state and cooperative sectors, to one where the private sector and foreign investment both play key and dynamic roles. Significant strides have been made to further the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, without giving up strategic leadership and influence by the state. |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp2018-126&r=tra |
| By: | Cheng, Y. |
| Abstract: | It is widely accepted that China's agrarian economy is experiencing a profound capitalization/modernization transformation. Peasants in Houjiaying village, where I conducted my field research,however, have been excluded from this great transition and instead are experiencing unstable development. At the same time, peasants in Jingerzhuang village, only two kilometers away, are getting rich by planting vegetables and have successfully achieved the transition from "old farming" to "new agriculture." Why are people who live only two kilometers apart experiencing totally different development paths? This article intended to answer the above question and explore the formation and development process of China's "new agriculture"(both labor and capital intensive) based on the micro experiences of four villages since 1936 until 2015 in eastern Hebei Province (North China). In addition to the Manchuria Railway Materials of North China (1936-1941), local archives (including soil and water records) and statistics since 1949 are used. By using grounded theory analysis and process tracking methods, and the GIS software, we draw the conclusion that the changing natural environmental constraints (soil types and irrigation condition) and village governance structure were playing an important role during this great transition. Acknowledgement : This article has benefited the detailed comments and critique of Philip Huang, to whom I express my sincerest thanks. I also thank Zhang Jiayan for his detailed comments and advice. I deeply appreciate the assistance and support of the staff of the Nijingzhen government and township statistics station. I would also like to acknowledge my debt to Richard Gunde for his help in improving my English. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277455&r=tra |
| By: | Jia, R.; Lu, Q. |
| Abstract: | Based on the data of rural households in the Loess Plateau of China, this paper uses exploratory factor analysis to measure the degree of participation of farmers in collective action from the information, participation, organization and effect of action. Through Bootstrap mediation effect test, this paper tests the direct impact of land transfer area and period on farmers implementation of soil and water conservation measures, and the indirect impact of transfer area and period on the implementation of soil and water conservation measures by changing the participation of farmers in collective action. The result shows: transfer area has a direct impact on the using of terraced fields, plastic film and afforestation. The transfer period has a direct impact on the implementation of terraced fields, plastic film, afforestation and water-saving irrigation techniques. While collective action plays a mediating role in the process of transfer area affecting farmers use of terraced fields, afforestation and water-saving irrigation techniques, its mediating role in the use of plastic film is not significant. While the mediating role of collective action is significant in the transfer period affecting the implementation of terraced field and water-saving irrigation techniques, it is not significant in using plastic film and afforestation. Acknowledgement : This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 71473197 and 71673223) and the Humanity and Social Science Youth foundation of Ministry of Education of China (Project No. 17YJC790059). |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae18:277124&r=tra |
| By: | Bratti, Massimiliano (University of Milan); Ghirelli, Corinna (Bank of Spain); Havari, Enkelejda (European Commission, Joint Research Centre); Santangelo, Giulia (European Commission, Joint Research Centre) |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the impact of a vocational training programme on the labour market outcomes of unemployed youth in Latvia. The programme is part of the Youth Guarantee scheme for the period 2014-2020, the largest action launched by the European Union to reduce youth unemployment rate and to support young people aged between 15 and 29 who are not in education, employment or training (NEETs). To estimate the causal effect of participating in the programme on the employment outcomes, we exploit a rule that gives priority for participation to unemployed people under the age of 25 using a fuzzy Regression Discontinuity Design setup. The estimated effects of the programme on the probability of being employed and monthly income up to 3.5 years after registering in the programme are positive but not statistically significant, although we find a strong positive effect of the priority rule on programme participation. This is the first evidence on the impact of a programme within the current Youth Guarantee scheme in Europe and our findings are in line with those from the literature on the evaluation of active labour market policies targeting youth. |
| Keywords: | youth guarantee, Latvia, vocational training, employment, policy evaluation, administrative data, regression discontinuity design |
| JEL: | J01 J08 J18 J24 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp11870&r=tra |
| By: | Lin, Carl; Sun, Yan; Xing, Chunbing |
| Abstract: | We use several datasets to study whether son preference prevails in the human capital investment among Chinese rural-urban migrant households. We find that son preference exists among the rural migrants’ households and that it caused lower probabilities relative to that of their boy counterparts that school age girls will migrate with their parents—a difference that is absent for children of preschool age. We also find that (1) boys are more likely to migrate following the reduction in the number of rural primary schools, (2) migrant households with multiple children tend to take their sons to migrate more than they take their daughters, and (3) the fact that parents of boy students spend more on their children’s education can be largely explained by the extra costs of schooling for migrant households. Finally, we show that the parents of rural children have higher expectations for boys than they do for girls. Our results suggest that son preference is detrimental to the human capital investment in girls in contemporary China when institutional arrangements result in high costs of schooling for migrants. |
| Keywords: | Rural-urban migration,China,Children,Son preference,Human capital |
| JEL: | J13 J16 J61 J24 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:268&r=tra |
| By: | Loren Brandt; Gueorgui Kambourov; Kjetil Storesletten |
| Abstract: | The non-state manufacturing sector has been the engine of China's economic transformation. Up through the mid-1990s, the sector exhibited large regional differences; between 1995 and 2004 we observe rapid convergence in terms of productivity, wages, and new firm start-up rates. To analyze the drivers of this behavior, we construct a Hopenhayn (1992) model that incorporates location-specific capital wedges, output wedges, and a novel entry barrier. Using Chinese Industry Census data we estimate these wedges and examine their role in explaining differences in performance across prefectures and over time. Entry barriers turn out to be the salient factor explaining performance differences. We investigate the empirical covariates of these entry barriers and find that barriers are causally related to the size of the state sector. Thus, the downsizing of the state sector after 1997 may be important in explaining the regional convergence and manufacturing growth after 1995. |
| Keywords: | Chinese economic growth; SOEs; fi rm entry; entry barriers; capital wedges; output wedges; SOE reform |
| JEL: | O11 O14 O16 O40 O53 P25 R13 D22 D24 E24 |
| Date: | 2018–11–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tor:tecipa:tecipa-622&r=tra |