|
on Technology and Industrial Dynamics |
| By: | Carioli, Paolo; Czarnitzki, Dirk; Rammer, Christian |
| Abstract: | We investigate the effects of different channels of industry-science collaboration on new product sales at the firm-level and whether government subsidies for collaboration make a difference. We distinguish four collaboration channels: joint R&D, consulting/contract research, IP licensing, human resource transfer. Employing firm-level panel data from the German Community Innovation Survey and a conditional difference-in-differences methodology, we find a positive effect of industry-science collaboration on product innovation success only for joint R&D, but not for the other three channels. The positive effect is limited to subsidized collaboration. Our results suggest that government subsidies are required to bring firms and public science into forms of collaboration that are effective in producing higher innovation output. |
| Keywords: | Industry-science collaboration, transfer channels, product innovation, treatment effects analysis |
| JEL: | O31 O38 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:312187 |
| By: | Boeing, Philipp; Peters, Bettina |
| Abstract: | We investigate the misuse of R&D subsidies and evaluate its consequences for policy effectiveness. Developing a theoretical framework and using Chinese firm-level data for 2001-2011, we identify that 42% of grantees misappropriated R&D subsidies for non-R&D purposes, accounting for 53% of total R&D subsidies. Misuse leads to a substantial loss in the causal impact of R&D subsidies, as measured by the difference between the intention-to-treat and complier average causal effect. R&D expenditures could have been stimulated beyond the subsidy amount (additionality), but misuse (noncompliance) resulted in medium-level partial crowding out, reducing the effectiveness of China’s R&D policy by more than half. |
| Keywords: | R&D subsidies, policy evaluation, misuse, China |
| JEL: | O31 O38 C21 H21 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:312195 |
| By: | Sangmin Aum; Yongseok Shin |
| Abstract: | We investigate the impact of digital technology on employment patterns in Korea, where firms have rapidly adopted digital technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data, and the internet of things (IoT). By exploiting regional variations in technology exposure, we find significant negative effects on high-skill and female workers, particularly those in non-IT (information technology) services. This contrasts with previous technological disruptions, such as the IT revolution and robotization, which primarily affected low-skill male workers in manufacturing. In IT services, although high-skill employment declined, vacancy postings for high-skill workers increased, implying a shift in labor demand toward newer skill sets. These findings highlight both the labor displacement and the new opportunities generated by digital transformation. |
| JEL: | J24 O33 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33469 |
| By: | Gaétan de Rassenfosse; Adam B. Jaffe |
| Abstract: | Ensuring broad access to the patent system is crucial for fostering innovation and promoting economic growth. To support this goal, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office offers reduced fees for small and micro entities. This paper investigates whether fee rates affect the filing of applications by small and micro entities. Exploiting recent fee reforms, the study evaluates the relationship between fee changes and the number of new entrants, controlling for potential confounding factors such as legislative changes. The findings suggest that fee reductions alone are insufficient to significantly increase participation in the patent system among small and micro entities. |
| JEL: | O30 O31 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33492 |
| By: | Hanming Fang; Ming Li; Long Wang; Zoe Yang |
| Abstract: | Using China's expansion of the high-speed rail system (HSR) as a quasi-natural experiment, we analyze the comprehensive vehicle registration data from 2010 to 2023 to estimate the causal impact of HSR connectivity on the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Implementing several identification strategies, including staggered difference-in-differences (DID), Callaway and Sant'Anna (CS) DID, and two instrumental-variable approaches, we consistently find that, by alleviating range anxiety, the expansion of HSR can account for up to one third of the increase in EV market share and EV sales in China during our sample period, with effects particularly pronounced in cities served by faster HSR lines. The results remain robust when controlling for local industrial policies, charging infrastructure growth, supply-side factors, and economic development. We also find that HSR connectivity amplifies the effectiveness of charging infrastructure and consumer purchase subsidies in promoting EV adoption. |
| JEL: | L52 L53 O18 Q55 R41 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33489 |
| By: | Marina Flamand (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Vincent Frigant (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stéphane Miollan (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Knowledge production activity is central within a technological innovation system. The number of patent applications is commonly used to evaluate this activity. However, it is subject to bias and inaccurate evaluations can occur. This article proposes a multi-criteria framework based on seven complementary patent indicators, taking into account the persistence, commitment, and coherence of knowledge production activities for a more comprehensive evaluation. We demonstrate the value of our proposal through a case study on hydrogen storage, comparing patent data since 2000 about three technological solutions: physical, chemical and adsorption technologies. Our framework clearly shows that physical hydrogen storage is the most advanced in terms of knowledge production, despite not having the highest number of patent applications. |
| Keywords: | Technological innovation system, Knowledge production, Metrics, Patent, Multi-criteria, Hydrogen storage technologies |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04969613 |
| By: | Ilmakunnas, Pekka |
| Abstract: | The age-innovation relationship is studied at the firm level, using ten waves of Finnish innovation surveys linked to register data on firms and their employees. A negative age-innovation relationship exists for a wide range of average employee ages. This is robust to using employee age group shares instead of average age, using fixed effects and continuous treatment effects estimation, and using six different measures of innovative behavior. Employee age diversity is, however, not related to innovativeness. |
| Keywords: | innovation, aging, age diversity, R&D |
| JEL: | J11 J21 O31 O32 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123630 |
| By: | Antonietti, Roberto; Burlina, Chiara; Rodriguez-Pose, Andres |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we examine the effect of regional digital technology (including computing, communication equipment, software, and databases) on income distribution at the regional level. We aim to fill a gap in existing research by exploring the moderating role of formal and informal institutions —such as bonding and bridging social capital— in shaping how digital technology affects income inequality across European NUTS2 regions from 2006 to 2016. The results indicate that regions with greater access to digital technology are prone to higher levels of income inequality. However, this negative link is mitigated by strong formal and informal institutions, particularly through improved government effectiveness and bridging social capital. The findings are robust to potential endogeneity concerns, as demonstrated by the instrumental variable approach adopted. |
| Keywords: | digital technology; institutions; inequalities; European regions |
| JEL: | R11 O33 D02 R58 |
| Date: | 2025–04–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:127062 |
| By: | Borowczyk-Martins, Daniel (Copenhagen Business School) |
| Abstract: | I produce novel evidence on worker reallocation across employers and between employment and nonemployment/unemployment for several European countries over the past two decades. I construct a dataset of monthly transition rates by developing a novel approach to measure them using cross-sectional data from the European Union Labor Force Survey. Transition rates exhibit similar cyclical patterns across countries, but their levels are persistently different. I compute an indicator of the pace of worker reallocation up the job ladder, and find that it varies substantially across countries, is pro-cyclical, and exhibits a systematic positive relationship with wage inflation. |
| Keywords: | labor market flows, job ladder, business cycles, wage inflation, Phillips curve |
| JEL: | E24 E32 J63 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17719 |
| By: | Dupont-Sinhsattanak, Alexandre |
| Abstract: | In light of China’s objective of achieving complete military modernization by 2035 and becoming a world-class military by 2049, whether it will successfully modernize its military or not is a crucial question for the 21st century. Historically reliant on foreign technologies, China now faces challenges in developing indigenous innovation capabilities. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of financial data from Chinese listed companies with case studies, this paper assesses the impact of military-civil fusion (MCF) on innovation in China’s defence-technological industry. Findings indicate that MCF pushed state-owned enterprises (SOE) to be more efficient and to recentre on core businesses, while encouraging the gradual entry of private firms into the industry. Yet, several limitations exist. SOEs continue to enjoy greater subsidies and better integration into the national innovation system, cementing their advantage over their private counterparts. Private companies function as suppliers of large conglomerates, which remain the only ones capable of assembling advanced weapon systems. By examining the interaction between market dynamics and state-driven strategies, this paper explores the evolving role of China’s private sector in military modernization and underscores the synergies between government support and market interests in fostering innovation. |
| Keywords: | China; defence-technological industry; Innovation; military modernization; military-civil fusion |
| JEL: | L64 O31 O38 |
| Date: | 2025–02–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:127136 |
| By: | Ying-Hui Shao; Yan-Hong Yang; Wei-Xing Zhou |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the risk spillovers among AI ETFs, AI tokens, and green markets using the R2 decomposition method. We reveal several key insights. First, the overall transmission connectedness index (TCI) closely aligns with the contemporaneous TCI, while the lagged TCI is significantly lower. Second, AI ETFs and clean energy act as risk transmitters, whereas AI tokens and green bond function as risk receivers. Third, AI tokens are difficult to hedge and provide limited hedging ability compared to AI ETFs and green assets. However, multivariate portfolios effectively reduce AI tokens investment risk. Among them, the minimum correlation portfolio outperforms the minimum variance and minimum connectedness portfolios. |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2503.01148 |
| By: | Steve Lawford |
| Abstract: | I investigate how incumbents in the U.S. airline industry respond to threatened and actual route entry by Southwest Airlines. I use a two-way fixed effects and event study approach, and the latest available data from 1999-2022, to identify a firm's price and quantity response. I find evidence that incumbents cut fares preemptively (post-entry) by 6-8% (16-18%) although the significance, pattern, and timing of the preemptive cuts are quite different to Goolsbee and Syverson's (2008) earlier results. Incumbents increase capacity preemptively by 10-40%, up to six quarters before the entry threat is established, and by 27-46% post-entry. My results suggest a clear shift in firms' strategic response from price to quantity. I also investigate the impact of an incumbent's network structure on its preemptive and post-entry behaviour. While the results on price are unclear, a firm's post-entry capacity reaction depends strongly on its global network structure as well as the local importance (centrality) of the route. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.20418 |