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on Technology and Industrial Dynamics |
| By: | Schmiele, Anja |
| Abstract: | This paper aims at analysing the risk of intellectual property (IP) infringements by competitors from abroad and in particular whether this risk is higher for international innovating firms. We distinguish three different types of IP infringements from abroad: the usage of firms' technical inventions, product piracy and copying of corporate names and designs. Our analysis rests on the German data from the Europe-wide Community Innovation Survey (CIS). We use a unique data set of about 900 observations which are retrieved from two survey waves. While the earlier wave contains information about international and domestic innovation activities the later wave reports IP infringements. In a second analysis, the likelihood of infringements from innovation host countries and no innovation host countries abroad is examined. Before the empirical analysis, an explorative study has been carried out in China with interviews of German firms with innovation activities in China and with a legal advisor for small and medium sized German enterprises. The results show that firms with international R&D activities are increasing their chances to lose technological knowledge to their local competitors abroad. R&D activities in countries with weak intellectual property rights increase the risk for all types of infringement. Infringements by competitors from the host country are driven by the production of innovations in this country. Export intensity is the major driver of infringements from no innovation host countries. R&D activities in China and North America also increase the risk of an infringement. However, firms that innovate only in their home country experience significantly more product piracy cases than internationally innovating firms. -- |
| Keywords: | R&D,innovation,internationalisation,intellectual property,infringement |
| JEL: | O32 O34 F23 |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:10099&r=tid |
| By: | Korkeamäki, Timo; Takalo, Tuomas |
| Abstract: | We estimate the private value of Apple’s iPhone by observing abnormal stock market reactions to news announcements and patent publications related to the innovation. Our estimate of the lower bound on the market valuation of iPhone is fairly high, at minimum 30 billion U.S. (event day) dollars. We find that patentable technology explains about 25% of that total value. We also find a weak negative reaction among Apple’s rivals to the news about iPhone but no significant reaction to the publication of patent documents concerning iPhone can be observed. The evidence suggests that the value of iPhone primarily stems from Apple’s management and marketing abilities and efforts rather than from underlying "hard" technologies and intellectual property. |
| Keywords: | innovation; R&D; patent; iPhone; valuation |
| JEL: | G14 O34 O32 |
| Date: | 2010–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:28042&r=tid |
| By: | Andres Lopez (Centro de Investigaciones para la Transformación (CENIT), Buenos Aires, Argentina); Ana Maria Reynoso; Martin Rossi (Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina) |
| Abstract: | The main finding of this impact evaluation is that beneficiary firms of FONTAR as a whole and of ANR in particular, spend more on innovation activities such as research and development and purchase of technology. Increments in innovation expenditures are found even when the amount received by the program is netted out from the total amount spent, indicating that beneficiary firms are caused to privately finance part of the increment on innovation expenditures. This would support the additionality hypothesis against the crowding out hypothesis. What is more, empirical evidence suggests that funds spent on innovation activities are efficient in the sense that subsidized firm actually accomplish more innovations. Long run effects on productive performance could not be detected. |
| Keywords: | Innovation and R&D, Policy Evalution |
| JEL: | O32 O38 |
| Date: | 2010–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:ovewps:0310&r=tid |
| By: | Peters, Bettina; Schmiele, Anja |
| Abstract: | Recent years have shown a surge of firms globalising their innovation activities in order to gain from international knowledge. This paper evaluates this strategy by investigating whether firms with international R&D are more innovative than firms doing R&D only in their home country. One main novelty is that we shed light on two competing hypotheses whether stronger dispersed international R&D activities hamper or stimulate innovation. Second, we employ two well-established market-based indicators for innovation (introduction of and sales growth rates due to new products) instead of looking at inventions (patents). Using German CIS data for about 2100 firms, the econometric results show that firms with international R&D are more likely to launch new products (firm and market novelties) than firms with home-based R&D only. They are also more successful in terms of higher sales growth with firm novelties. However, given the introduction of a market novelty, the location of R&D doesn't matter for the sales growth with market novelties. The results concerning the degree of R&D internationalisation are mixed: The likelihood of introducing firm novelties increases with a stronger dispersion of foreign R&D activities (for market novelties only up to a specific point). The relationship between degree of R&D internationalisation and innovation success turns out to be inverse u-shaped. -- |
| Keywords: | R&D,Internationalisation,Innovation performance,Decentralisation |
| JEL: | O32 F23 |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:10102&r=tid |
| By: | Christian Garavaglia (University of Milano-Bicocca, Faculty of Statistics - KITeS, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy); Franco Malerba (KITeS, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy - Bocconi University, Department of Economics); Luigi Orsenigo (KITeS, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy - DIMI, University of Brescia); Michele Pezzoni (KITeS, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy - DIMI, University of Brescia) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how the nature of the technological regime governing innovative activities and the structure of demand interact in determining market structure, with specific reference to the pharmaceutical industry. The key question concerns the observation that - despite high degrees of R&Dand marketing-intensity - concentration has been consistently low during the whole evolution of the industry. Standard explanations of this phenomenon refer to the random nature of the innovative process, the patterns of imitation and the fragmented nature of the market into multiple, independent submarkets. We delve deeper into this issue by using an improved modified version of our previous “history-friendly” model of the evolution of pharmaceuticals. Thus, we explore how changes in the technological regime and/or in the structure of demand may generate or not substantially higher degrees of concentration. The main results are that, while technological regimes remain fundamental determinants of the patterns of innovation, demand structure plays indeed a crucial role in preventing the emergence of concentration through a partially endogenous process of discovery of new submarkets. However, it is not simply market fragmentation as such that produces this result, but rather the entity of the “prize” that innovators can gain relative to the overall size of the market. Similarities and differences with other approaches are also discussed. |
| Keywords: | Industrial dynamics, innovation, market structure, pharmaceuticals, History-Friendly model |
| JEL: | C63 L10 L65 |
| Date: | 2010–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cri:cespri:kites36_wp&r=tid |
| By: | Yoo, Youngjin |
| Abstract: | Developments in digital technology offer new opportunities to design new products and services. However, creating such digitalized products and services often creates new problems and challenges to firms that are trying to innovate. In this essay, we analyze the impact of digitalization of products and services on innovations. In particular, we argue that digitalization of products will lead to an emergence of new layered product architecture. The layered architecture is characterized by its generative design rules that connect loosely coupled heterogeneous layers. It is pregnant with the potential of unbounded innovations. The new product architecture will require organizations to adopt a new organizing logic of innovation that we dubbed as doubly distributed innovation network. Based on this analysis, we propose five key issues that future researchers need to explore. |
| Keywords: | innovation, innovation, product architecture, design rules |
| Date: | 2010–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:iirwps:10-09&r=tid |
| By: | Edwards, Mónica; Castro- Martinez, Elena; Fernández-de-Lucio, Ignacio |
| Abstract: | This paper examines co-operative innovation and research and development (R&D) behaviour between Argentine and Spanish firms. Based on theoretical perspectives from the literature, we surveyed a sample of 540 Argentine and Spanish firms believed to have cooperated for technological innovation. We present empirical evidence based on 104 firms of patterns of cooperation in several processes and out-puts, highlighting firm characteristics, the motives of the collaborating parties, types of partners and R&D and innovation activities, leadership, and obstacles to cooperation. Our results reveal that the determinants of success differ considerably among countries depending on the sector, the firm specific characteristics and funding. These differences have important implications for public policy and instruments to support R&D and innovation activities. |
| Keywords: | innovation, R&D; international cooperation; cooperation types; barriers; government funding programmes |
| Date: | 2010–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ing:wpaper:201013&r=tid |
| By: | Kampik, Franziska; Dachs, Bernhard |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes cross-country differences in innovation behavior of subsidiaries of German multinational enterprises. The analysis is based on data from Community Innovation Survey (CIS4) and covers 16 European countries. We find considerable differences in innovation input intensity and innovation output intensity between German subsidiaries located in different European countries. Multivariate analysis reveals that these differences are largely related to firm characteristics. A significant relationship between firm-level innovation and host country characteristics can only be found for innovation output. |
| Keywords: | Internationalization of innovation; German multinational firms; innovation performance; Community Innovation Survey |
| JEL: | F23 O32 O31 |
| Date: | 2010–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:28102&r=tid |
| By: | Jérôme Danguy; Gaétan de Rassenfosse; Bruno Van Pottelsberghe |
| Abstract: | This paper aims at contributing to the literature on the relationship between research efforts and patent counts. It is claimed that the “propensity-to-patent” should be split into an “appropriability propensity” and a “strategic propensity”. The empirical contribution is based on a unique panel dataset composed of 18 industries in 19 countries over 19 years, and relies on five alternative patent indicators. The results confirm that the distinction between the two types of propensity matter. The sharp increase in patenting observed in most patent offices seems to be due to greater internationalization of patents rather than to a burst in innovations. |
| Keywords: | propensity to patent, strategic propensity, appropriability,; research productivity |
| Date: | 2011–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eca:wpaper:2013/73257&r=tid |