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on Sports and Economics |
| By: | Borooah, Vani |
| Abstract: | This chapter examines the existence of a gender gap in remuneration in a selection of sports before turning to differences in pay between men and women cricketers. Many sports now offer equal prize money for men and women in competitions; this works well when sports men and women are effectively individual contractors, as in tennis and golf, but not in sports such as cricket, where they are employees of the cricket boards and/or the franchises to which they are affiliated. This chapter shows that employers in cricket do not make any pretence of striving for gender equality when setting pay scales. |
| Keywords: | Remuneration, Auctions, Cricket |
| JEL: | J3 J31 Z1 Z10 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123306 |
| By: | Shinohara, Hajime |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effectiveness of an "opportunity-based approach" as a new solution to the challenges faced by non-profit organizations, particularly national governing bodies of minor sports, such as financial constraints and human resource shortages. Using the Japan Korfball Association (JKA), which governs korfball (a sport similar to mixed-gender basketball), as a case study, we analyzed the effects of implementing an organizational management model centered on "opportunities" such as "national team selection slots" and "tournament participation slots" rather than traditional monetary incentives. Through specific measures including a contribution map and evaluation system utilizing website integration, and a framework system that integrates competition and operations, organizational revitalization and development were achieved. As a result, improvements were seen in website content, increased number of tournaments, participation of diverse human resources, and enhanced external relationships. This study presents a sustainable development model for national governing bodies of minor sports while suggesting new possibilities for value creation in sports organization management. Furthermore, this approach has high potential for application to other fields facing similar challenges, such as non-profit organizations and startups, and is expected to have broad social impact as a new organizational management framework that does not overly rely on monetary value. |
| Date: | 2025–01–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:7fdb4 |
| By: | Majid Ahmadi; Gwen-Jirō Clochard; Jeff Lachman; John A. List |
| Abstract: | When multiple forces potentially underlie discriminatory behavior, pinning down the precise sources becomes a challenge, making proposed policy solutions speculative. This study introduces an empirical approach, tightly linked to theory, to dissect two specific channels of discrimination: customer bias and managerial bias. To illustrate our framework, we integrate proprietary data with several publicly available datasets to uncover channels of discrimination within the Major League Baseball draft. Our analysis reveals that customer preferences significantly influence the drafting of players at the top end of the draft—those likely to gain immediate public attention and eventually play for the club. Conversely, we observe managerial homophily in the latter parts of the draft, where players who attract little attention and have minimal chances of playing for the club are selected. The observed preferential bias at both ends of the draft incurs a substantial opportunity cost. However, bias at the top end unduly affects competitiveness. Our findings provide significant implications for future research on measuring discrimination and addressing the challenge of multiple channels. |
| JEL: | J70 J71 M51 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33391 |
| By: | Borooah, Vani |
| Abstract: | This chapter discusses in some detail the element of luck as it pertains to team performance, focusing first on the importance of the toss and then the extent to which match results are due to ability and/or to luck. The importance of the toss is analysed employing Bayes’ Theorem which draws a distinction between the prior probability of an event happening before the data has been observed (say, winning a match prior to the toss) and the posterior probability which updates one’s prior belief after observing the data (winning a match after the outcome of the toss is known). It then suggests a method, based on the Binomial Theorem, for identifying the roles that luck and ability play in determining the probability of a team winning a match. |
| Keywords: | Binomial, Chance, Cricket |
| JEL: | D8 D81 Z10 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123252 |
| By: | Borooah, Vani |
| Abstract: | This chapter assesses the performance of men and women cricketers in international cricket in terms of batting and bowling. Batters and bowlers are most commonly ranked according to their respective batting and bowling averages. This chapter suggests a way by which the use of the ‘batting average’ to assess batting performance could be extended to encompass consistency, and another way through which the contribution of bowlers to their teams’ ‘ill-fare’ might be evaluated, in terms of their economy and strike rates. Both extensions use methods from inequality analysis. |
| Keywords: | Performance, Players, Cricket |
| JEL: | Z0 Z1 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123307 |
| By: | Mavisakalyan, Astghik; Palmer, Michael; Salazar, Silvia |
| Abstract: | Self-promotion plays a significant role in both the labor market and society; however, its prevalence and effects remain difficult to quantify. This paper leverages the unique setting of professional surfing to examine the causal impact of self-promotion-proxied by the act of "claiming" a wave-on performance outcomes. Utilizing data from over 5, 500 waves in the World Surf League and employing an instrumental variables approach, we find that self-promotion provides substantial benefits, increasing wave scores by approximately 0.8 standard deviations, or 1.6 points out of a maximum score of 10. Notably, female surfers are significantly less likely than their male counterparts to engage in self-promotional behaviors, as reflected by a lower ferquency of claiming, yet they receive comparable benefits when they do claim. These findings offer valuable insights into the rewards of self-promotion in competitive, high-stakes environments and underscore the potential for women to improve outcomes by more frequently adopting such behaviors. |
| Keywords: | Self-promotion, Performance evaluation, Professional surfing, Gender differences, Instrumental variables |
| JEL: | J24 J16 Z22 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1561 |
| By: | Borooah, Vani |
| Abstract: | This chapter examines gender inequality in the quality of adjudication in cricket matches. First, all the benefits of neutral umpires in Test Matches are exclusive to men’s Test Matches and have bypassed the women’s game entirely. Second, most of the benefits of the Decision Review System have accrued, through its regular usage in men’s games, to men who, through constant exposure to DRS, have become adept at its use. In contrast, the sporadic use of DRS in women’s matches has had two effects: firstly, the benefits of DRS to women are occasional; secondly, these occasional benefits have been further diluted because the intermittent availability of DRS to women cricketers means that they have found it difficult to learn the art and the tricks of using the system effectively. |
| Keywords: | Cricket, Decision Review System, Bayes Theorem |
| JEL: | C1 C11 Z10 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123268 |