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on Sports and Economics |
| By: | J. James Reade (University of Reading); Jan C. van Ours (Erasmus University Rotterdam) |
| Abstract: | In 1983 England’s fifth-tier football competition introduced a two-points-for-a- home-win and three-points-for-an-away-win reward system. This system was abolished after three seasons. The anomalous point system may have been introduced to reduce home advantage but the reasons are not fully clear and neither are the reasons for abolishing the system shortly after its introduction. We find that the new point system did not affect match outcomes but it did influence match attendance negatively. We speculate that the alternative point system was perceived as unfair to potential buyers of seasonal tickets or individual match tickets some of whom as a response decided to avoid watching the game in person. Consumer perceptions seem to matter. |
| Keywords: | Consumer behaviour, sports, football, performance |
| JEL: | D12 L83 Z21 |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20240023 |
| By: | Matteo Picchio (Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche); Jan C. Van Ours (Erasmus School of Economics and Tinbergen Institute, The Netherlands) |
| Abstract: | High temperatures can have a negative effect on workplace safety for a variety of reasons. Discomfort and reduced concentration caused by heat can lead to workers making mistakes and injuring themselves. Discomfort can also be an incentive for workers to report an injury that they would not have reported in the absence of heat. We investigate how temperature affects injuries of professional tennis players in outdoor singles matches. We find that for men injury rates increase with ambient temperatures. For women, there is no effect of high temperatures on injuries. Among male tennis players, there is some heterogeneity in the temperature effects, which seem to be influenced by incentives. Specifically, when a male player is losing at the beginning of a crucial (second) fourth set in (best-of-three) best-of-five matches, the temperature effect is much larger than when he is winning. In best-of-five matches, which are more exhausting, this effect is age-dependent and stronger for older players. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, temperatures, tennis, injuries, health. |
| JEL: | J24 J81 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anc:wpaper:489 |
| By: | Karina Mukanova (IUM - International University of Monaco); Christopher Hautbois; Michel Desbordes (CIAMS - Complexité, Innovation, Activités Motrices et Sportives - UO - Université d'Orléans - Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper was to analyze factors affecting collaboration outcomes such as organizational learning of Joint Hosting Alliances (JHAs) of major sports events. The research questions are: 1.What are the drivers and motives of JHAs are (formation phase)? 2.What is the event delivery model that manages JHAs (management phase)? 3.What are the organizational learning outcomes and the factors affecting these outcomes (outcomes phase)? This study analysed the collaboration of multiple hosts in co-hosting sporting event which had been a recent one-off monosport event hosting trend in the last 20 years. We referred to their partnership as Joint Hosting Alliances (JHAs) as we relied on strategic alliance, Interorganizational relationships (IOR) and interorganizational learning theoretical frameworks (Babiak & Willem, 2017; Byun et al., 2019; Malo & Elkouzi, 2001). The research employed a single case study of the International Basketball Federation (FIBA)'s Eurobasket Women 2021 event co-hosted by Spain and France. The data were collected from two sources: semi-structured interviews (n=12) and event governance documents (i.e. bid regulations, workshop meetings minutes). The data analysis included a mix of deductive and inductive coding approaches through MAXQDA software. We also performed an analysis of the frequency of ties to measure the intensity of collaboration. We learned that inter- and extra-organizational learning are not the areas that are financed and therefore controlled by either JHA members or event owners which explains the lack of strategic planning for such organizational learning outcomes. Future studies should focus on understanding the role of the public sector in being involved in planning and managing such organizational learning outcomes as they turned out to be incremental in supporting such outcomes. Practitioners will also benefit from this study's findings: a) event organizers should focus on building the match based on alliance formation and the national factor recommendations that could facilitate learning opportunities; b) event owners should be more aware of how their formalization tools affect the frequency and quality of interactions that can be conducive to learning. To conclude, this work was a small and modest contribution to understanding how sporting events can be harnessed for international dialogue, understanding, and peace. The main takeaway message of this research lies in highlighting that JHAs are not necessarily strategic partnerships, but rather transactional. Due to the high event velocity and differences in legal, administrative, and financial background, this study proved that such events could not be platforms of intense collaboration that can lead to specific strategic social legacy outcomes or planned interorganizational and extraorganizational learning outcomes. Although social impacts, unfortunately, remain an area that is not yet regarded as important in such alliances, the contribution of this study is that we identified the start. As more and more International Federation of Basketball's (FIBA) sporting events and other monosport events are co-hosted (e. g. FIBA World Cup in 2023 by Japan, Indonesia, and the Philippines or most of the latest FIBA Eurobasket events) and the Olympics Games are allowed to go beyond one host city concept as per Agenda 2020+5, these findings prove to be relevant for the Olympic world and its federations in understanding the collaborative patterns between the co-hosts, be it multiple venues, cities and/or countries. |
| Date: | 2024–08–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04676739 |
| By: | Bottan, Nicholas (Cornell University); Bernhardt, Dan (University of Illinois) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of relative assessment on performance using a quasiexperiment: club-level swimming competitions in the US. By exploiting the agegroup structure, where swimmers are assessed against peers within their age group and experience a significant shift in relative standing upon aging up, we identify the causal effects of being assessed against better-performing peers. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find that swimmers, on average, swim significantly slower after aging up. This effect is similar across genders and is most pronounced among swimmers in the middle and top of the ability distribution, while those in the bottom third show no significant change. Our findings highlight the importance of considering the psychological impacts of relative assessment in competitive environments. |
| Keywords: | Relative Assessment ; Competition ; Performance ; Swimming JEL Codes: J53 ; I29 ; L83 ; M54 ; Z2 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:warwec:1511 |